Insecticide resistance exerts significant fitness costs in immature stages of Anopheles gambiae in western Kenya

Table 1 Comparison of larval instar development time among the resistant, susceptible and Kisumu colonies

Population	Larval instar development time (days)
	L2ⁱ	L3ⁱⁱ	L4ⁱⁱⁱ
	Mean ± SE^*	Mean ± SE^*	Mean ± SE^*
Resistant colony	4.9 ± 0.2^b	6.9 ± 0.2^b	8.8 ± 0.2^b
Susceptible colony	3.4 ± 0.1^a	4.9 ± 0.2^a	6.6 ± 0.2^a
Kisumu strain	3.4 ± 0.1^a	4.8 ± 0.2^a	6.3 ± 0.2^a

^*Values indicate mean and the standard error. The same superscript letters in each row indicate no significant difference (p > 0.05, ANOVA, followed by Tukey (HSD) test. ⁱ Duration of L1 to develop to the second instar larvae (L2). ⁱⁱ Duration of L1 to develop into the third instar larvae (L3). ⁱⁱⁱ Duration of L1 to develop into the fourth instar larvae (L4)

ISSN: 1475-2875