Insecticide resistance exerts significant fitness costs in immature stages of Anopheles gambiae in western Kenya

Table 2 Comparison of larval-life trait parameters of the resistant, susceptible and Kisumu strain of Anopheles gambiae s.s

Population	Pupation time (days)¹	Pupation rate (%)²	Mean development time of Male (days)^3*	Mean development time of females (days)^4*	Emergence rate (%)⁵
Resistant colony	10.28 ± 0.3^b	80 ± 0.03^a	11.9 ± 0.30^b	12.1 ± 0.3^b	86.3 ± 0.04^a
Susceptible colony	7.5 ± 0.2^a	83.5 ± 0.03^a	9.2 ± 0.2^a	9.6 ± 0.2^a	92.8 ± 0.02^a
Kisumu strain	7.9 ± 0.2^a	84.5 ± 0.03^a	9.4 ± 0.2^a	9.8 ± 0.2^a	85.7 ± 0.02^a

^*Values indicate mean and the standard error. The same superscript letters in each row indicate no significant difference (p > 0.05, ANOVA, followed by Tukey (HSD) test. ¹ Duration of L1 larvae developing to pupae.² Per cent of larvae developing to pupae. ³ Duration of L1 larvae to develop to males. ⁴ Duration of L1 to develop into females. ⁴. ⁵ Percent of pupae developing to adults

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