Fig. 1

A Haplotype network of MSP1 haplotypes found in Plasmodium relictum (cytochrome b lineages SGS1 and GRW11). Each circle represents a haplotype with the size proportional to its sampling frequency. Colours represent the area where the infected bird was sampled, not taking into account whether it was a migratory species or if it was a juvenile before its first migration or an adult. Black dots on lines represent the number of additional mutational steps between two haplotypes. B Phylogenetic reconstruction of the MSP1 haplotypes found in the SGS1 and GRW11 cyt b lineages of the Plasmodium relictum. Transmission area is determined if the haplotype have been recovered from juvenile or resident birds in an area. Scale bar represents nucleotide substitutions per site. ¹ Pr2 has also been found in two cases in a non-migratory bulbul species (Pycnonotus capensis)endemic to a region in South-Africa with a Mediterranean climate. Pr10 and Pr11 are new haplotypes identified in this study. ² Pr10 has only been found in a single adult African-migratory bird in Armenia and is therefore likely transmitted in the Afrotropical region