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Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

From: Toll-like receptor 9 and 4 gene polymorphisms in susceptibility and severity of malaria: a meta-analysis of genetic association studies

Author, year [Ref]

SNP

Country

Setting

Age group in cases,yr

Male % in cases

Cases

Controls

Genotyping method

Consistent with HWE

Mockenhaupt, 2006 [20]

TLR4-A299G, T399I

TLR9 T-1237C, T1486C

Ghana

H

Children

46.6

290

UM: 290

Healthy: 290

allele-specific PCR and PCR-RT

Yes

Leoratti, 2008 [21]

TLR4 D299G

TLR9 T1237C, T1486C

Brazil

H

md 29

86

230

74

PCR–RFLP

Yes

Sam-Agudu, 2010 [22]

TLR4-A299G, T399I

TLR9-T1486C, T1237C

Uganda

H

6.2 (2.4)

63.1

Cases (SM): 65

Controls (UM: 52

PCR and LDR-FMA

Yes

Zakeri, 2011

[23]

TLR4 D299G, T399I

TLR9

T1486C, T1237C

Iran

HCs

md 28

65.6

P. falciparum infected: 320

Healthy control: 320

PCR–RFLP

Yes

Esposito, 2012 [24]

TLR4 A299G (rs4986790)

TLR9 T1486C (rs187084), T1237C (rs5743836)

Burundi

H

Children

57.5

602

337

Taqman

Yes

Munde, 2012

[25]

TLR9 T1237C

Kenya

H

Children

47.8

SM: 138

UM: 163

TaqMan

Yes

Sawian, 2012

[26]

TLR4 A299G

TLR9

T1237C, T1486C

India

H

md: 26.2 (R2-58)

 

SM: 136

Controls (UM: 53

PCR–RFLP

No

Kar, 2015

[27]

TLR4 D299G

TLR9 T1237C, T1486C

India

H

SM: 38.0 (25.0–53.7)

UM: 38.0 (24.2–55.0)

58%

200

200

PCR–RFLP

Yes (D299G)

No (T1237C and T1486C)

Iwalokun, 2015 [28]

TLR4 A299G, T399I

Nigeria

H

Children

62.1

182

97

PCR–RFLP

Yes

Costa, 2017 [29]

TLR4 A299G (rs4986790), T399I (rs4986791)

TLR9-T1237C (rs187084), T1486C (rs5743836)

Brazil

 

37 (19 ± 53)

61.5

Pv-325

Healthy group: 274

PCR–RFLP

Yes (A299G, T399I, T1237C)

No (T1486C)

Rani, 2018 [30]

TLR4 A299G

Pakistan

H

22.7 ± 13.6

53.5

228 (SM: 89, UM: 139)

226

Allele-specific PCR

No

  1. H hospital, HC Primary Health Centre, HWE Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, LDR-FMA ligase detection reaction-fluorescent microsphere assay, md median, PCR–RFLP polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism fragment length, PCR-RT real-time PCR, R range, SM severe malaria/complicated malaria/cerebral malaria, SNP single nucleotide polymorphism, TaqMan TaqMan allelic discrimination/SNP assay, UM uncomplicated malaria/mild malaria, Yes/No controls are/are not consistent with HWE