Antiplasmodial, antimalarial activities and toxicity of African medicinal plants: a systematic review of literature

Tajbakhsh, Elahe; Kwenti, Tebit Emmanuel; Kheyri, Parya; Nezaratizade, Saeed; Lindsay, David S.; Khamesipour, Faham

doi:10.1186/s12936-021-03866-0

Table 3 In vitro and in vivo studies on African medicinal plants

From: Antiplasmodial, antimalarial activities and toxicity of African medicinal plants: a systematic review of literature

Plant species	Plant family	Source	Country of study	Part of plant used	Extraction solvent	Overall activity	In vitro	In vivo	IC₅₀ or ED₅₀ or LD₅₀	Strain of Plasmodium tested	parasite suppression rate	Toxicity (value; assay)
Sphaeranthus suaveolens	Compositae	[199]	Kenya	Whole plant	Methanol	Moderate	Moderate	In active	7.93–56.73 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2, Plasmodium berghei ANKA	46.74% at 100 mg/kg/day	No
Abutilon grandiflorum	Malvaceae	[200]	Tanzania	Roots	Ethyl acetate	Good	Moderate	Very good	9–14 µg/mL IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum HB3 and FCB, Plasmodium vinckei vinckei	83–87% at 20 ug/ml/day	Yes (IC₅₀ = 36 µg/ml; human colon carcinoma cell line [HT29])
Alchornea laxiflora	Euphorbiaceae	[131]	Nigeria	Roots	Ethyl acetate, dichloromethane	Good	Inactive	Very good	38.44—40.17 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum 3Dè, INDO, Plasmodium berghei	65.73% at 150 mg/kg/day	Yes (LD₅₀ = 748.33 mg/kg; HeLa cells)
Annona senegalensis	Annonaceae	[201]	Nigeria	Leaves	Methanol	Moderate	In active	Very good	28.8 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium berghei	> 57% at 100 mg/kg/day	No
Boscia angustifolia	Capparaceae	[199]	Kenya	Stem barks	Methanol	Moderate	Moderate	Very good	7.43–35.93 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6 &W2, Plasmodium berghei ANKA	60.12% at 100 mg/kg/day	No
Chrozophora senegalensis	Euphorbiaceae	[64]	Senegal	Leaves	Water	Very good	Very good	Very good	1.6–1.9 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum FcM29, FcB1, Plasmodium vinckei petteri	65% at 10 mg/kg/day	No
Clerodendrum eriophyllum	Lamiaceae	[199]	Kenya	Root barks	Methanol	Moderate	Good	Very good	9.51–10.56 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6 & W2, Plasmodium berghei ANKA	90.13% at 100 mg/kg/day	No
Cocos nucifera	Arecaceae	[202]	Nigeria	Husk	Ethyl acetate	Moderate	Moderate	Very good	10.94 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum W2, Plasmodium berghei NK65	98.6% at 125 mg/kg/day	Nd
Commiphora africana	Burseraceae	[159]	Tanzania	Stem barks	Dichloromethane	Moderate	Very good	Moderate	4.54 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6, Dd2, Plasmodium berghei	64.24% at 400 mg/kg/day	No
Ficus thonningii	Moraceae	[203]	Nigeria	Whole plant	Hexane	Moderate	Good	Moderate	2.7–10.4 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum NF54, K1, Plasmodium berghei NK65	84.5% at 500 mg/kg/day	No
Flueggea virosa	Phyllanthaceae	[199]	Kenya	Leaves	Methanol	Very good	Very good	Very good	2.28–3.64 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2, Plasmodium berghei ANKA	70.91% at 100 mg/kg/day	No
Fuerstia africana	Lamiaceae	[199]	Kenya	Whole plant	Methanol	Very good	Very good	Very good	0.98–2.40 µg//ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2, Plasmodium berghei ANKA	61.85% at 100 mg/kg/day	No
Harungana madagascariensis	Hypericaceae	[199]	Kenya	Leaves	Water	Moderate	Inactive	Very good	39.07–43.7 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2, Plasmodium berghei ANKA	88.04% at 100 mg/kg/day	No
Harungana madagascariensis	Hypericaceae	[204]	Nigeria	Stem barks	Ethanol	Very good	Very good	Inactive	0.052—0.517 μg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis N67, Plasmodium falciparum	28.6–44.8%	Nd
Lannea schweinfurthii	Anacardiaceae	[205]	Kenya	Stem barks	Methanol	Moderate	Moderate	Very good	11.38–36.26 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2, Plasmodium berghei	91.37% at 100 mg/kg/day	Yes (SI = 6.21–19.79; Vero cells)
Lophira alata	Ochnaceae	[203]	Nigeria	Whole plant	Hexane	Good	Very good	Moderate	2.5 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum NF54, K1, Plasmodium berghei NK65	74.45% at 500 mg/kg/day	No
Ludwigia erecta	Onagraceae	[199]	Kenya	Whole plant	Water	Very good	Very good	In active	0.93–1.61 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6 & W2, Plasmodium berghei ANKA	49.64% at 100 mg/kg/day	No
Maytenus putterlickioides	Celastraceae	[199]	Kenya	Root barks	Methanol	Good	Good	Very good	4.41–10.26 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2, Plasmodium berghei ANKA	78.66% at 100 mg/kg/day	No
Maytenus undata	Celastraceae	[199]	Kenya	Leaves	Methanol	Good	Good	Very good	7.4–9.89 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2, Plasmodium berghei ANKA	76.29% at 100 mg/kg/day	No
Mimusops caffra	Sapotaceae	[206]	South Africa	Leaves	Dichloromethane	Good	Very good	Moderate	2.14 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D10, Plasmodium berghei	94.01% at 400 mg/kg/day	Nd
Schkuhria pinnata	Compositae	[199]	Kenya	Whole plant	Methanol	Good	Good	In actice	1.3–6.83 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6 & W2, Plasmodium berghei ANKA	49.9% at 100 mg/kg/day	No
Sclerocarya birrea	Anacardiaceae	[205]	Kenya	Stem barks	Methanol	Moderate	Moderate	Very good	5.91–24.96 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2, Plasmodium berghei	63.49% at 100 mg/kg/day	No
Toddalia asiatica	Rutaceae	[117]	Kenya	Fruits	Ethyl acetate	Very good	Very good	Moderate	1.87 μg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum W2 & D6, Plasmodium berghei	81.34% at 500 mg/kg/day	No
Turraea robusta	Meliaceae	[205]	Kenya	Root barks	Methanol	Good	Good	Very good	2.09–10.32 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6, W2, Plasmodium berghei	78.2% at 100 mg/kg/day	Yes (SI = 2.36–11.67; Vero cells)
Uapaca nitida	Phyllanthaceae	[207]	Tanzania	Root barks	Ethanol	Moderate*	Inactive	Inactive	19.6—25.9 µg/mL IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum K1, T9-96 & Plasmodium berghei	poor	No
Vernonia ambigua	Asteraceae	[208]	Nigeria	Ns	Water	Very good	Inactive	Very good	31.26–50 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium berghei, Plasmodium falciparum	60% at 100 mg/kg/day	No
Vernonia ambigua	Asteraceae	[209]	Republic of Congo	Leaves	Methanol	Moderate	Very good	Moderate	3.58 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum. Plasmodium yoelii	61.28% at 500 mg/kg/day	No
Warburgia stuhlmannii	Camellaceae	[199]	Kenya	Stem barks	Water	Very good	Very good	Very good	1.81–2.33 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2, Plasmodium berghei ANKA	84.95% at 100 mg/kg/day	No
Azadirachta indica	Meliaceae	[143]	Kenya	Leaves	Methanol	Good	Good	Good	6.24–7.53 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2	83.48% at 250 mg/kg/day	No
Dichrostachys cinerea	Fabaceae	[159]	Tanzania	Stem barks	Methanol	Moderate	Good	Moderate	2.37–11.92 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6, Dd2, Plasmodium berghei	53.12% at 400 mg/kg/day	No
Grewia plagiophylla	Malvaceae	[143]	Kenya	Leaves	Methanol	Moderate	Moderate	Good	13.28–34.2 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2	77.9% at 250 mg/kg/day	Nd
Hoslundia opposita	Lamiaceae	[143]	Kenya	Leaves	Methanol	Moderate	Good	Good	12.8–13.22 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2	79.67% at 250 mg/kg/day	Yes (SI = 0.58; Vero E6 cells)
Lannea schweinfurthii	Anacardiaceae	[143]	Kenya	Leaves	Methanol	Moderate	Inactive	Good	38.87–54.15 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2	83.48% at 250 mg/kg/day	Yes (SI = 1.4; Vero E6 cells)
Premna chrysoclada	Lamiaceae	[143]	Kenya	Leaves	Methanol	Good	Good	Good	7.75–9.02 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2	65.08% at 250 mg/kg/day	Nd
Rhus natalensis	Anacardiaceae	[143]	Kenya	Leaves	Methanol	Moderate	Inactive	Good	43.93–51.2 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2	82.7% at 250 mg/kg/day	Nd
Triphyophyllum peltatum	Dioncophyllaceae	[191]	Ivory coast	Roots, stem barks	Dichloromethane	Very good*	Very good	Very good	1.90 mg/kg for Dioncophylline C and 10.71 mg/kg for dioncophylline A	Plasmodium berghei ANKA CRS	99% at 50 mg/kg/day	Nd
Uvaria acuminata	Annonaceae	[143]	Kenya	Roots	Methanol	Good	Good	In active	6.90–8.89 µg/ml IC₅₀	Plasmodium falciparum D6 and W2	27.0% at 250 mg/kg/day	Nd

Nd Not done, Ns Not specified, SI Selectivity index
^aActivity determined using pure compounds isolated from plant

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