- Case–control (articles 1–4; 8–13)
- #1. Did the study address a clearly focused issue?
- #2. Did the authors use an appropriate method to answer their question?
- #3. Were the cases recruited in an acceptable way?
- #4. Were the controls selected in an acceptable way?
- #5. Was the exposure accurately measured to minimise bias?
- #6a. Aside from the experimental intervention, were the groups treated equally?
- #6b. Have the authors taken account of the potential confounding factors in the design and/or in their analysis?
- #7. How large was the treatment effect?
- #8. How precise was the estimate of the treatment effect?
- #9. Do you believe the results?
- #10. Can the results be applied to the local population?
- #11. Do the results of this study fit with other available evidence?
- Randomized controlled trial (articles 5–7):
- #1. Did the study address a clearly focused research question?
- #2. Was the assignment of participants to interventions randomised?
- #3. Were all participants who entered the study accounted for at its conclusion?
- #4. Were the participants ‘blind’ to the intervention they were given? Were the investigators ‘blind’ to the intervention they were giving to participants? Were the people assessing/analysing outcome/s ‘blinded’?
- #5. Were the study groups similar at the start of the randomised controlled trial?
- #6. Apart from the experimental intervention, did each study group receive the same level of care (that is, were they treated equally)?
- #7. Were the effects of intervention reported comprehensively?
- #8. Was the precision of the estimate of the intervention or treatment effect reported?
- #9. Do the benefits of the experimental intervention outweigh the harms and costs?
- #10. Can the results be applied to your local population/in your context?
- #11. Would the experimental intervention provide greater value to the people in your care than any of the existing interventions?
- The black shaded areas for these articles indicate the absence of an additional critical appraisal question