Table 1 Examples of studies on eave ribbons treated with transfluthrin, demonstrating effects on mosquito densities and biting rates inside and outside human dwellings
From: Insecticide-treated eave ribbons for malaria vector control in low-income communities
SN | Study | Methods details | Mosquitoes | % Mortality | % Biting reduction | Conclusions | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Semi field evaluation of the effectiveness of transfluthrin- treated hessian fabric against malaria vector vectors | Hessian strip [4 m × 30 cm] impregnated with 10 ml technical grade transfluthrin prepared in soapy water; the strips suspended overnight indoors to dry Tests were done in large semi-field cage | Laboratory-reared Anopheles arabiensis | Not assessed | 99% | Hessian materials are affordable, locally produced and are very efficient in delivering transfluthrin vapour in to space to offer protection against mosquito bites | Ogoma et al. [41] |
2 | Field study to quantify the protective efficacy of transfluthrin treated hessian strips against outdoor-biting Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Culex mosquitoes | Hessian strip [4 m × 30 cm] impregnated with 10 ml technical grade transfluthrin prepared in soapy water; the strips suspended overnight indoors to dry Tests were done in the field | Wild Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Culex spp. | Not assessed | 99% [Anopheles gambiae s.l.] | No diversion of mosquitoes to non-users Significant protection against outdoor biting mosquitoes | Govella et al. [43] |
3 | To measure the durability and long term efficacy of transfluthrin treated hessian strips | Hessian strip [4 m × 30 cm] impregnated with 10 ml technical grade transfluthrin prepared in soapy water; the strips suspended overnight indoors to dry Tests were done in the field | Wild Anopheles gambiae s.l. and Culex spp. | Not assessed | > 90% | Transfluthrin-treated hessian emanators provide safe and long-term protection against outdoor biting Also protected nearby non-users Concentration of transfluthrin in an enclosed room was 3 times less than the recommended threshold, hence ensuring maximum safety to users | Ogoma et al. [42] |
4 | To assess the protective efficacy and acceptability of the different hessian material designs treated with transfluthrin used in in rural communities | Hessian strip [0.28 m2] impregnated with 5ml technical grade transfluthrin prepared in soapy water; the strips suspended overnight indoors to dry Tests were done in the field | Wild Anopheles mosquitoes and Culex spp | Not assessed | 86–89% [An. arabiensis] | The treated hessian materials are widely accepted by community members Transfluthrin-treated hessian materials provide significant protection against outdoor-biting malaria vectors | Masalu et al. [46] |
5 | Assess the protective efficacy of transfluthrin treated eave ribbons against indoor and outdoor mosquito bites | The eave ribbons were made of triple-layered hessian fabric woven using sisal fibres The ribbons used here were either 15Â cm wide and 2.5Â m long (for fitting onto the front and back sides of the huts) or 15Â cm wide and 1Â m long (one pair for fitting on the right side and another pair for the left-side of the huts) Treatments were done following the procedures described by Ogoma et al. | Laboratory- reared Anopheles arabiensis Wild Anopheles mosquitoes and Culex spp. | 99.5% | 99% | Eave ribbons provide protection to not only indoor but also outdoors | Mmbando et al. [37] |
6 | To evaluate the efficacy of transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons in protecting rural migratory farmers in in rural Tanzania | Eave ribbons were treated following the procedures described by Mmbando et al. | Wild Anopheles mosquitoes and Culex spp. | Not assessed | 77% | The eave ribbons are highly acceptable by community members Transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons could be used in addition to ITNs to protect migratory people at high risk of malaria transmission Eave ribbons also protected against both indoor and outdoor biting Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes | Swai et al. [39] |
7 | To assess the protective efficacy of treated eave ribbons provided to users and non-users | Eave ribbons were treated following the procedures described by Mmbando et al. [37] | Laboratory- reared Anopheles arabiensis | 100% | 83% indoors for users 62% outdoors for users 57% indoors for non-users 48% outdoors non-users | Eave ribbon provide protection even to non-users The 100% mortality observed at 24Â h implies that there is a potential for eave ribbons to have a communal mass effect due to its killing effect, thereby crushing vector population as well as vectorial capacity | Mwanga et al. [40] |
8 | To assess the additional benefits of combining treated eave ribbons with mosquito traps | Eave ribbons were treated following the procedures described by Mmbando et al. [37] | Laboratory-reared Anopheles arabiensis | Not assessed | 81.2% indoor 63% outdoor | Eave ribbons provide sufficient protection, thus no need of additional traps | Mmbando et al. [44] |
9 | To assess protective efficacy of hessian fabric mats and ribbons treated against mosquitoes | Eave ribbons were treated following the procedures described by Mmbando et al. [37] | Wild mosquito population | 100% | 77–81.2% | There was 100% mortality of An. funestus mosquitoes which are known to be resistant to pyrethroids. Hence eave ribbons have potential in managing insecticide resistance | Masalu et al. [45] |
10 | Predicting the impact of outdoor vector control interventions on malaria transmission intensity from semi-field studies | Statistical modelling of semi field eave ribbons data from Tanzania and Kenya | Laboratory-reared Anopheles arabiensis |  | 41–96% | Transfluthrin treated eave ribbons provide both personal and community protection. | Denz et al. [49] |
11 | Transfluthrin Eave-Positioned Targeted Insecticide (EPTI) Reduces Human Landing Rate of Pyrethroid Resistant and Susceptible Malaria Vectors in a Semi Field Simulated Peri-domestic Space | Eave ribbons were treated following the procedures described by Mmbando et al. [37] | Laboratory-reared Anopheles arabiensis | 80% | 68% | Transfluthrin treated eave ribbons have potential tackle the challenges of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors | Tambwe et al. [56] |
12 | Evaluating putative repellent ‘push’ and attractive ‘pull’ components for manipulating the odour orientation of host-seeking malaria vectors in the peri-domestic space | Hessian strip [21 m × 0.05 cm] impregnated with 10 ml technical grade transfluthrin prepared in soapy water; the strips suspended overnight indoors to dry Tests were done in large semi-field cage | Laboratory-reared Anopheles arabiensis | Not assessed | 94% | Transfluthrin treated hessian fabric strips around eave gaps provide significant protection from mosquito bites in the peri-domestic spaces. | Njoroge et al. [57] |