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Table 2 Malaria plasma EV cargo from experimental malaria models and human field studies

From: Extracellular vesicles in malaria: an agglomeration of two decades of research

Plasmodium species

Biomolecular cargo

Important findings in

malaria derived EVsa

References

P. yoelii

Proteins

EVs carry reticulocyte exosome associated proteins including transferrin receptor & heat shock 70 protein

No markers for microvesicles or apoptotic vesicles detected

Parasite proteins with possible antigenic properties identified

Parasite proteins important in host-parasite interactions identified

[54]

P. yoelii

Proteins

EVs carry reticulocyte exosome associated proteins including transferrin receptor & heat shock 70 protein

Parasite proteins with possible antigenic properties identified

Parasite proteins important in host-parasite interactions identified

[55]

P. vivax

Proteins

Human and parasite proteins

Suitable model for identifying biomarkers of hypnozoite infection

[56]b

P. berghei

Proteins

EVs contain differentially abundant proteins important for CM pathogenesis

EVs contain parasite proteins

[57]

P. berghei

P. yoelii

miRNA

EVs contain significantly dysregulated miRNA species that are important for CM pathogenesis

[58]

P. vivax

Proteins

Parasite proteins present exclusively in infection derived EVs

[59]

P. falciparum

P. vivax

miRNA

EVs contain significantly upregulated miRNAs important in malaria pathway and host-parasite interactions

[60]

P. falciparum

Proteins

EVs contain proteins associated with complement activation, coagulation & inflammation

EVs in infection exclusively contain human RAB proteins that regulate intracellular processes and cytokine secretion

EVs contain parasite proteins associated with biology & virulence

[61]

  1. EBA Erythrocyte Binding Antigen, PS phosphatidylserine, PI phosphatidylinositol, PC phosphatidylcholine, uREVs uninfected RBC derived EVs, iREVs infected RBC derived EVs
  2. aNot an exclusive summary
  3. bHuman liver chimeric mouse model designed to identify biomarkers of hypnozoite infection