Table 3 Malaria EV cargo derived from EVs of in vitro (cell cultured) iRBCs
From: Extracellular vesicles in malaria: an agglomeration of two decades of research
Plasmodium species | Biomolecular cargo | Important findings in malaria derived EVsa | References |
|---|---|---|---|
P. falciparum | Proteins, nucleic acids (small RNA, mRNA) | Abundant RBC lipid raft proteins Abundant resident Maurer’s cleft parasite proteins Parasite proteins involved in RBC invasion Abundant immunogenic EBA on EV surface EV content is conserved across P. falciparum strains miRNA species may be involved in gametocytogenesis | [100] |
P. falciparum | Nucleic acids (RNA & DNA) | EVs contain human & parasite small RNA HmiR-451a is the most abundant specie Majority of detected miRNA regulate cell adhesion Ring stage iREVs contain plasmodial gDNA iREV-plasmodial gDNA triggers an innate immune response | [102] |
P. falciparum | Nucleic acids (miRNA) | hmiR-451a species is present in abundance hmiR-451a is functional and complexed with hAgo-2 | [112] |
P. falciparum | Proteins | RBC proteins include haemoglobin and those associated with the membrane Significant enrichment of resident Maurer’s cleft parasite proteins and other “virulence associated proteins” Important knob-associated parasite proteins also found | [113] |
P. falciparum | Proteins | PfEMP1 in ring stage iREVs | [114] |
P. falciparum | Nucleic acids (miRNA) | Human miR-451, miR-486, miR-181a identified in iREVs & uREVs Significantly higher hmiR-451 levels in iREVs than uREVs Human miRNAs are complexed with Ago-2 | [115] |
P. falciparum | Nucleic acid (small RNA) | >90 % of iREV small RNA content is human Human miRNAs, tRNAs, Y-RNAs, vault RNAs, snoRNAs and piRNAs present HmiR-451a is the most abundant Host & plasmodial small RNAs involved in drug resistance detected | [116] |
P. falciparum | Lipids | Enrichment of PS & PI Enrichment of sphingolipids with signaling functions important in immunomodulation | [117] |
P. falciparum | Lipids | No significant difference between the lipid profile of iREVs and uREVs Enrichment of PC | [118] |