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Table 2 Household level risk factors for Plasmodium infection in two districts of Meghalaya state, India

From: Household and individual level risk factors associated with declining malaria incidence in Meghalaya, India: implications for malaria elimination in low-endemic settings

 

West Jaintia Hills

(N = 468 households)

West Khasi Hills

(N = 351 households)

 

OR (95% CI)*

P-value*

OR (95% CI)*

P-value*

Presence of electricity

1.73 (0.26–11.69)

0.573

1.89 (0.40–8.99)

0.424

Presence of mobile phone

0.53 (0.11–2.57)

0.432

2.21 (0.72–6.81)

0.165

Walls made of mud/thatch/wood^

0.38 (0.03–4.86)

0.456

0.73 (0.25–2.13)

0.563

Roof made of thatch/tile¶

–‡

–‡

2.06 (0.41–10.40)

0.383

Presence of animals

 Any animal

1.05 (0.25–4.34)

0.949

1.89 (0.65–5.47)

0.241

 Pigs

1.39 (0.32–6.03)

0.661

0.80 (0.20–3.16)

0.750

 Poultry

2.06 (0.49–8.64)

0.323

1.10 (0.38–3.18)

0.857

 Buffalo/cow

–‡

–‡

3.67 (0.37–37.00)

0.269

Animals living inside the house

0.54 (0.12–2.41)

0.421

1.33 (0.46–3.83)

0.600

Mosquito always present

0.92 (0.22–3.92)

0.913

2.23 (0.72–6.91)

0.163

Presence of mosquito repellent coils in household

0.55 (0.14–2.16)

0.390

2.43 (0.80–7.34)

0.115

Presence of mosquito repellent mat tablets in household

0.50 (0.08–3.07)

0.454

0.92 (0.11–7.79)

0.938

Presence of mosquito repellent vaporizers in household

2.52 (0.44–14.59)

0.301

0.94 (0.11–8.28)

0.955

Method for reducing mosquito burden

 Insecticide spray

–‡

–‡

3.48 (0.96–12.61)

0.058

 Burning neem leaves or cow dung

–‡

–‡

1.00 (0.10–10.04)

0.997

 Clear bushes around the house

–‡

–‡

0.62 (0.07–5.80)

0.671

 Clear stagnant water pools

–‡

–‡

1.35 (0.16–11.36)

0.781

 Keep windows/doors closed in evening

–‡

–‡

0.35 (0.06–1.94)

0.228

 Screening of windows

–‡

–‡

1.48 (0.36–5.94)

0.582

Presence of chalk markings in house indicating DDT spraying

–‡

–‡

2.23 (0.48–10.30)

0.303

  1. *The OR and 95% CIs were obtained from multilevel logistic regression models, with Plasmodium positivity at the individual level as the outcome variable, and household and individual level factors as the exposure variables
  2. ^Reference category: wall made of brick/concrete/stone
  3. ¶Reference category: roof made of concrete/tin
  4. ‡Odds ratio (95% CI) and P-value could not be estimated because of separation due to small number of participants with Plasmodium infection