Hyper-prevalence of submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum infections in a rural area of western Kenya with declining malaria cases

Table 2 Socioeconomic and behavioural determinants of malaria infections

Parameter		N	Microscopic infections			N	Submicroscopic infections
Name	Level		n (%)	OR (95%, CI)	P-value		n (%)	OR (95%, CI)	P-value
Gender	Female	202^a	26 (12.87)	0.72 (0.41–1.29)	0.272	202^a	72 (35.64)	1.73 (1.10–2.74)	0.019
Gender	Male	165	28 (16.97)	0.72 (0.41–1.29)	0.272	165	40 (24.24)	1.73 (1.10–2.74)	0.019
LLIN usage	Yes	170	19 (11.18)	1.72 (0.94–3.13)	0.078	170	62 (36.47)	0.59 (0.38–0.93)	0.022
LLIN usage	No	197^a	35 (17.77)	1.72 (0.94–3.13)	0.078	197^a	50 (25.38)	0.59 (0.38–0.93)	0.022
Nocturnal outdoor activities*	Yes	84	10 (11.90)	1.36 (0.65–2.84)	0.409	84	27 (32.14)	0.91 (0.54–1.53)	0.713
Nocturnal outdoor activities*	No	283^a	44 (15.55)	1.36 (0.65–2.84)	0.409	283^a	85 (30.04)	0.91 (0.54–1.53)	0.713
Nocturnal outdoor activities^⁑	LLIN usage	32	1 (3.13)	6.49 (0.78–53.89)	0.083	32^a	12 (37.50)	1.48 (0.58–3.77)	0.411
Nocturnal outdoor activities^⁑	No LLIN usage	52^a	9 (17.31)	6.49 (0.78–53.89)	0.083	52	15 (28.85)	1.48 (0.58–3.77)	0.411

N represents total number of individuals while n represents the cases. The asterisk (*) represent general effect of nocturnal outdoor activities on microscopic and submicroscopic infections while the vertical double asterisk (^⁑) represents interaction effects between nocturnal outdoor activities and LLIN usage. Small letter “a” refers to reference category

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