Fig. 6From: A threshold-free approach with age-dependency for estimating malaria seroprevalenceAge-dependent mixture distributions of PfMSP\(1_{19}\) antibodies for individuals between ages 1 and 16 using M2. The blue line shows fitted distributions derived from Eqs. (3), (10) and (11). The red dotted lines show the seropositivity thresholds (\(\mu _{S^-} + 3 \sigma _{S^-}\)), above which individuals would be classified as \(S^+\) in M1. Note that the red dotted lines are for illustration only—M2 does not use thresholdsBack to article page