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Table 1 Studies reviewed for prevalence of maternal P. falciparum parasitaemia in Ghana

From: Trends of malaria infection in pregnancy in Ghana over the past two decades: a review

Zone

Study

Period of data collection

Prevalence during pregnancy and method of detection

Prevalence at delivery and method of detection

Northern Savannah

Browne et al. [14]

July 1994–Apr 1995

60% by microscopy

 

Clerk et al. [15]

Jun 2004–July 2006

47% overall by microscopy (32% and 59% before and after the rainy season respectively)

 

van Spronsen et al. [20]

June 2010–August 2010

 

52% by microscopy (placental blood)

Williams et al. [16]

31 May 2010–31 October 2011

58.6% detected by both microscopy or PCR (combined)

53.6% by RDT

22.2% by RDT (peripheral blood)

28.7% by placental histology (31.3% in primigravidae vs. 25.4% in secundigravidae)

Ahenkorah et al. [19]

May 2013–May 2014

21.6% by microscopy

 

Anabire et al. [17]

Oct 2016–Feb 2017

14. 1% by RDT

13.4% by PCR

 

Agyemang et al. [10]

Sept 2016–Aug 2017

Overall 25.9% by microscopy at 36 weeks (35.8% prevalence of malaria in those with no SP, 30.8% prevalence among those who took 1–2 doses of IPTp-SP and about 17% among those who took ≥ 3 doses)

 

Tibambuyah et al. [18]

Nov 2017–April 2018

13.8% by microscopy

 

Mwin et al. [21]

Jan 2019–April 2019

 

7% by microscopy (placental blood)

Coastal Savannah

Ofori et al. [22]

Jan 2003–Jan 2004

19.7% by microscopy

35.7% by microscopy (placental blood)

Stephens et al. [26]

July–August 2008

5% by microscopy

2.5% by microscopy (placental blood)

Wilson et al. [23]

June–August 2009

28.4% overall by microscopy (15.3% among IPTp users vrs 44.7% among non-IPTp users)

 

Orish et al. [24]

Jan–Oct 2010

23% overall by microscopy (34.6% in adolescents and 21.3% in adult pregnant women)

 

Orish et al. [25]

Mar–Oct 2010

23.3% by microscopy

 

Volker et al. [27]

Oct 2011–Jan 2012

10.6% by microscopy

 

Tay et al. [28]

April–July 2012

16.5% by microscopy

 

Lamptey et al. [29]

Nov 2013– Sept 2014

16.4% prevalence of asexual parasitaemia by PCR

29.7% prevalence of submicroscopic gametocytes also by PCR

 

Quakyi et al. [34]

Dec 2015–May 2017

Among two ANC cohorts

3.5% and 3.8% by microscopy

8.9% and 9.4% by PCR

42.2% and 43.1% by ultrasensitive PCR

Among two delivery cohorts

2.4% and 0% by microscopy (peripheral blood)

4.4% and 3% by PCR (peripheral blood)

12.6% and 8.7% by ultrasensitive PCR (peripheral blood)

0.3% and 0% by microscopy (placental blood)

2.5% and 1.7% by PCR (placental blood)

6.9% and 3.7% by ultrasensitive PCR (placental blood)

Kiptoo [33]

June 2016

5.5% by microscopy

 

Obri et al. [35]

Jan 2017–Dec 2017

 

48.1% active placental infections by histology

Afutu et al. [31]

April–June 2017

10.1% by microscopy

13.1% by RDT

13.8% by PCR

 

Fondjo et al. [32]

July-–ug 2018

10.1–11.4% by microscopy (two cohorts in Accra and Tarkoradi)

 

Offei [30]

12th June 2019–2nd July 2019

11.1% by RDT

 

Middle transitional/forest zone

Mockenhaupt et al. [38]

Nov–Dec, 1998

63% overall by microscopy and PCR

 

Glover-Amengor et al. [36]

Rainy season of year 2000

35.1% by microscopy

 

Mockenhaupt et al. [39]

Jan 2000–Jan 2001

34% by peripheral blood microscopy

53% by peripheral blood PCR

19% by an HRP2 assay

41% by placental blood microscopy

59% by placental blood PCR

35% using HRP2 assay on placental blood

Tagbor et al. [46]

March 2003–December 2004

Overall RDT prevalence of 22% (monthly prevalence ranging 9–34%)

 

Tutu et al. [40]

Nov 2005–March 2006

27.7% by microscopy

 

Yatich et al. [37]

Nov–Dec 2006

36.3% by a monoclonal antibody assay

 

Tagbor et al. [41]

March 2007–Sept 2008

16.3% by microscopy at enrolment (parasiste density ˂ 1000 parasites/microlitre

12.1% by microscopy at 36–40 weeks

23% by RDT (for symptomatic women)

 

Asante et al. [47]

2008–2011

 

38% current or past placental parasitaemia by histology

Osarfo et al. [42]

July 2011– Oct 2012

12% by combined RDT and microscopy

17% by RDT

28.6% by microscopy (peripheral blood)

23.8% by microscopy (placental blood)

Asundep et al. [43]

July–August 2011

9% overall using HRP2 assay

 

Ampofo et al. [44]

Sept 2012–April 2014

10.7% by microscopy at study enrolment

6% by microscopy at end of study

 

Dosoo et al. [45]

July 2017–March 2019

20.4% by microscopy

 

Fondjo et al. [32]

July 2018–August 2018

5.5% by microscopy

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