Table 1 Demographic and behavioral characteristics of 1863 study participants, bivariate analysis odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for malaria infection against each covariate

Age category

 Age 15–59*

100 (84.0)

1386 (79.5)

1

 Age 2–14

17 (14.3)

271 (15.5)

0.9 (0.5–1.5)

 Age 60–90

2 (1.7)

87 (4.9)

0.3 (0.1–1.3)

Sex

 Female*

27 (22.7)

579 (33.2)

1

 Male

88 (73.9)

1,100 (63.1)

1.7 (1.1–2.7)

 Missing

4 (3.4)

65 (3.7)

1.3 (0.4–3.9)

Township

 Ngaputaw*

54 (45.4)

480 (27.5)

1

 Pathein

44 (36.9)

761 (43.6)

0.5 (0.3–0.8)

 Thabaung

21 (17.6)

503 (28.8)

0.4 (0.2–0.6)

Education

 Illiterate/never attended school*

5 (4.2)

84 (4.8)

1

 Able to read and write

11 (9.2)

352 (20.2)

0.5 (0.2–1.5)

 Primary school

62 (52.1)

781 (44.8)

1.3 (0.5–3.4)

 Middle school

37 (31.1)

376 (21.5)

1.6 (0.6–4.3)

 High school

3 (2.5)

118 (6.8)

0.4 (0.1–1.8)

 University student/graduate

1 (0.8)

20 (1.1)

0.8 (0.1–7.6)

 Missing

0

13 (0.7)

–

Occupation

 Other occupation*

39 (32.8)

858 (49.2)

1

 Any logging work

40 (33.6)

333 (19.1)

2.6 (1.7–4.2)

 Any farming work

24 (20.2)

420 (24.1)

1.2 (0.7–2.1)

 Any rubber plantation work

13 (10.9)

83 (4.7)

3.4 (1.8–6.8)

 Two or more of the above

3 (2.5)

25 (1.4)

2.6 (0.8–9.1)

 Missing

0

25 (1.4)

–

Recruitment point type

 Health facility*

55 (46.2)

684 (39.2)

1

 ICMV

64 (53.8)

1060 (60.8)

0.7 (0.5 – 1.1)

Village located in the forest

 No*

56 (47.0)

855 (49.0)

1

 Yes

58 (48.7)

816 (46.8)

1.1 (0.7–1.6)

 Missing/don’t know

5 (4.2)

73 (4.2)

1.0 (0.4–2.7)

Worksite located in the forest (outside of home village)

 No*

27 (22.7)

811 (46.7)

1

 Yes

91 (76.5)

894 (51.4)

3.0 (1.9–4.7)

 Missing

1 (0.8)

33 (1.9)

0.9 (0.1–6.9)

Duration of forest travel

 No forest travel*

12 (11.5)

627 (41.0)

1

 Less than 3 days

17 (16.3)

370 (24.2)

2.4 (1.1–5.1)

 3–14 days

37 (35.5)

231 (15.1)

8.3 (4.2–16.3)

 Longer than 14 days

36 (34.6)

210 (13.7)

8.9 (4.5–17.5)

 Missing

2 (1.9)

91 (5.9)

1.1 (0.2–5.2)

Slept in the forest within the past month

 No*

25 (21.0)

953 (54.6)

1

 Yes

90 (75.6)

681 (39.0)

5.0 (3.2–7.9)

 Missing/don't know

4 (3.4)

110 (6.3)

1.4 (0.5–4.0)

Prevention methods used at home

 No preventive methods at home*

2 (1.7)

27 (1.5)

1

 Preventive methods do not include bed nets (spatial/topical repellents, etc.)

8 (6.7)

127 (7.3)

0.8 (0.2–4.2)

 Preventive methods include bed nets

93 (78.1)

1434 (82.2)

0.9 (0.2–3.7)

 Missing/Don’t know

16 (13.4)

156 (8.9)

1.3 (0.3–6.3)

Preventive methods used in the forest

 No preventive methods in forest*

25 (23.3)

197 (17.6)

1

 Preventive methods do not include bed nets (spatial/topical repellents, etc.)

12 (20.2)

132 (11.8)

0.7 (0.3–1.5)

 Preventive methods include bed nets

61 (53.8)

706 (63.2)

0.6 (0.4–1.1)

 Missing/don’t know

9 (8.4)

82 (7.3)

0.8 (0.4–1.9)

Type of net used while sleeping in the forest

 Conventional net*

34 (31.7)

301 (26.9)

1

 LLIN/ITN

28 (26.2)

398 (35.6)

0.6 (0.3–1.0)

 Hammock Net

0

3 (0.2)

–

 Use another form of prevention

35 (32.7)

295 (26.4)

1.0 (0.6–1.7)

 Don’t know

4 (3.7)

11 (0.9)

3.2 (0.9–10.6)

 Missing

6 (5.6)

109 (9.7)

0.5 (0.2–1.2)

Self-reported malaria infection in the past year

 No one respondent knows infected*

59 (49.6)

1170 (67.1)

1

 Respondent infected

(or respondent and someone else among contacts)

34 (28.5)

71 (4.1)

9.5 (5.8–15.4)

 Friends, family, coworkers, other contact infected

(Respondent not infected)

17 (14.3)

277 (15.9)

1.2 (0.7–2.1)

 Missing/don’t know

9 (7.6)

226 (12.9)

0.8 (0.3–2.9)