Fig. 2

Longitudinal antibody levels against six antigens for all women. Spaghetti plots A–F represent the antibody profiles of PfAMA1, PfEBA175, PfMSP2, PfMSP3, PvAMA1 and PfVAR2CSA, respectively. The antibody levels of the pregnant women exposed to malaria (cases) and free from malaria by microscopy (controls) are represented by orange and blue, respectively. Locally estimated scatterplot smoothing (LOESS) curves for all pregnant women (in black) and for each exposure group are superimposed on each spaghetti plot. The shaded area around each LOESS curve represents the 95% confidence interval (CI). Of note, the Y axes of the plots of A, B and D are truncated at 0; the CIs did extend to negative values due to limited information in the early period of gestation. OD optical density