Increase of avian Plasmodium circumflexum prevalence, but not of other malaria parasites and related haemosporidians in northern Europe during the past 40 years

Valkiūnas, Gediminas; Duc, Mélanie; Iezhova, Tatjana A.

doi:10.1186/s12936-022-04116-7

Table 2 Diversity of avian malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) and related haemosporidians in two groups of passeriform birds migrating to wintering grounds from their breeding sites located between the White Sea and the Baltic Sea, northern Europe.

From: Increase of avian Plasmodium circumflexum prevalence, but not of other malaria parasites and related haemosporidians in northern Europe during the past 40 years

Bird family and species	Number of found infections		Difference p-value^a	Parasite lineage found in birds of Group 2^b
Bird family and species	Group 1, Curonian Spit, September 1979–1983	Group 2, Ventė Cape, September 2020	Difference p-value^a	Parasite lineage found in birds of Group 2^b
Muscicapidae
Erithacus rubecula	Haemoproteus attenuatus (1)	Haemoproteus attenuatus (1)	0.34 (0.5582)	hROBIN1
	Plasmodium (Haemamoeba) cf. matutinum (1) ^c	Plasmodium (Haemamoeba) matutinum (1)	0.34 (0.5582)	pLINN1
	Leucocytozoon sp. (2)	Leucocytozoon sp. (1)	0.02 (0.8887)	lBT2
Paridae
Periparus ater ^d	Haemoproteus sp. (3)	Haemoproteus sp. (7)	2.23 (0.1354)	Not available ^e
	Plasmodium (Giovannolaia) circumflexum (0)	Plasmodium (Giovannolaia) circumflexum (10)	10.89 (0.0010)	pTURDUS1
	Plasmodium (Haemamoeba) sp. (0)	Plasmodium (Haemamoeba) sp. (4)	3.48 (0.0621)	pGRW11
	Plasmodium sp. (0)	Plasmodium sp. (6) ^f	6.03 (0.0140)	Not available
	Plasmodium (Novyella) sp. (0)	Plasmodium (Novyella) sp. (1)	0.04 (0.8474)	Not available
Parus major ^d	Haemoproteus majoris (7)	Haemoproteus majoris (10)	0.12 (0.7296)	hPARUS1
	Plasmodium (Giovannolaia) circumflexum (0)	Plasmodium (Giovannolaia) circumflexum (15)	10.70 (0.0011)	pTURDUS1
	Plasmodium (Haemamoeba) sp. (2)	Plasmodium (Haemamoeba) sp. (1)	2.01 (0.1566)	Not available
	Plasmodium sp. (0)	Plasmodium sp. (2)	0.44 (0.5071)	Not available
	Leucocytozoon sp. (4)	Leucocytozoon sp. (2)	0.15 (0.6939)	lPARUS4
Troglodytidae
Troglodytes troglodytes ^d	Plasmodium (Giovannolaia) circumflexum (0)	Plasmodium (Giovannolaia) circumflexum (16)	4.66 (0.0308)	pTURDUS1
Troglodytes troglodytes ^d	Plasmodium (Haemamoeba) sp. (0)	Plasmodium (Haemamoeba) sp. (1)	0.21 (0.6466)	Not available
Corvidae
Garrulus glandarius	Haemoproteus sp. (2)	Haemoproteus sp. (1)	0 (0.9543)	hGAGLA02
	Haemoproteus homopicae (0)	Haemoproteus homopicae (5)	2.96 (0.0853)	hGAGLA07
	Plasmodium (Haemamoeba) sp. (0)	Plasmodium (Haemamoeba) sp. (4)	2.11 (0.1462)	pSGS1
	Leucocytozoon sp. (11)	Leucocytozoon sp. (6)	0.54 (0.4630)	lCOCOR02

Data on number of found infections were obtained only by microscopic examination of blood films. Total number of examined bird species and additional information were given in Table 1
^aYates-corrected Chi-squire test value, followed in parenthesis by the corresponding significance P-value. Significant differences were shown in bold
^bResults of PCR-based testing of best selected blood samples, which were microscopy positive
^cNumber of found infections during microscopic examination was given in parenthesis
^dNumber of Plasmodium infections in Group 2 exceeded the data given in Table 1 due to presence of co-infections in some bird individuals
^ePresence of co-infections or unsuccessful amplifications precluded detection of some lineages by PCR-based methods
^fUnidentified to subgeneric level parasites due to presence of only early blood stages. Some of them might belong to Plasmodium (Giovannolaia) circumflexum

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ISSN: 1475-2875

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