Risk factors for placental malaria, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine doses, and birth outcomes in a rural to urban prospective cohort study on the Bandiagara Escarpment and Bamako, Mali

Table 2 Multivariable models of the maternal risk factors for PM infection (active and past infections combined) (N = 313)

	Model 1				Model 2
	OR	95% CI		p-value	OR	95% CI		p-value
	OR	Lower	Upper	p-value	OR	Lower	Upper	p-value
Maternal age (years)	0.99	0.79	1.23	0.908	0.77	0.64	0.93	0.007
Pre-pregnancy BMI	0.87	0.76	1.00	0.048	0.91	0.79	1.04	0.176
Gravidity (ref. Multigravid)
Primigravid	1.44	0.73	2.85	0.293	1.11	0.60	2.06	0.743
IPTp-SP Doses (ref. 3 +)
None	14.57	3.20	66.43	< 0.001	8.20	2.09	32.3	0.003
1	2.06	0.96	4.43	0.064	2.29	1.14	4.57	0.019
2	1.55	0.72	3.31	0.263	1.63	0.81	3.30	0.171
Residence during pregnancy (ref. Village)
Bamako	0.33	0.14	0.81	0.015	0.33	0.15	0.71	0.005
Wealth z-score	1.29	0.91	1.82	0.157	1.37	0.99	1.91	0.060
Education (ref. Never attended)
Primary	0.53	0.24	1.19	0.126	0.63	0.30	1.32	0.221
Secondary	1.33	0.54	3.31	0.537	1.16	0.51	2.65	0.727
Beyond secondary	0.17	0.06	0.46	0.001	0.25	0.10	0.65	0.004
Season of birth (ref. Hot Dry, Mar–May)
Rainy, Jun–Oct	0.23	0.09	0.58	0.002	0.69	0.34	1.39	0.302
Cool Dry, Nov–Feb	0.45	0.18	1.10	0.081	1.02	0.46	2.25	0.961
Year of offspring birth (ref. 2018)
2014	4.19	1.05	16.72	0.043
2015	8.16	2.32	28.67	0.001
2016	7.04	2.54	19.49	< 0.001
2017	2.50	1.00	6.25	0.051
2019	0.26	0.09	0.82	0.021

Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from general estimating equations for logistic regression, p < 0.05 bolded. Model 2 excludes year of birth. ref reference group, IPTp-SP intermittent preventative treatment in pregnancy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Intercepts were included (not shown)

ISSN: 1475-2875