Risk factors for placental malaria, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine doses, and birth outcomes in a rural to urban prospective cohort study on the Bandiagara Escarpment and Bamako, Mali

Table 3 Multivariable models of maternal risk factors for active PM infection (N = 313)

	Model 3				Model 4
	OR	95% CI		p-value	OR	95% CI		p-value
	OR	Lower	Upper	p-value	OR	Lower	Upper	p-value
Maternal age (years)	0.96	0.79	1.17	0.696	0.83	0.71	0.96	0.016
Pre-pregnancy BMI	0.97	0.84	1.11	0.640	0.97	0.83	1.12	0.670
Gravidity (ref. Multigravid)
Primigravid	0.79	0.37	1.72	0.556	0.80	0.38	1.66	0.547
IPTp-SP doses (ref. 3−)
None	10.50	2.65	41.63	0.001	5.90	1.60	21.78	0.008
1	2.64	1.07	6.55	0.036	2.57	1.09	6.03	0.030
2	1.49	0.57	3.88	0.411	1.35	0.55	3.29	0.513
Residence during pregnancy (ref. Village)
Bamako	0.13	0.03	0.73	0.020	0.11	0.02	0.52	0.005
Wealth z-score	1.25	0.87	1.80	0.230	1.26	0.90	1.76	0.184
Education (ref. Never attended)
Primary	0.60	0.27	1.32	0.206	0.63	0.30	1.32	0.224
Secondary	0.80	0.32	2.00	0.637	0.71	0.32	1.61	0.417
Beyond secondary	0.59	0.18	1.88	0.371	0.68	0.22	2.13	0.511
Season of birth (ref. Hot Dry, Mar–May)
Rainy, Jun–Oct	11.00	3.27	37.01	< 0.001	14.33	4.34	47.27	< 0.001
Cool Dry, Nov–Feb	7.02	2.08	23.70	0.002	7.95	2.28	27.78	0.001
Year of offspring birth (ref. 2018)
2014	4.98	1.47	16.88	0.010
2015	7.04	2.20	22.49	0.001
2016	4.90	1.62	14.86	0.005
2017	1.23	0.34	4.42	0.754
2019	0.82	0.08	8.61	0.871

Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from general estimating equations for logistic regression, p < 0.05 bolded. Model 4 excludes year of birth. ref reference group, CI confidence interval, IPTp-SP intermittent preventative treatment in pregnancy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Intercepts were included (not shown)

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