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Table 1 Vector species of Plasmodium knowlesi: evidence for WHO Indicators

From: Zoonotic malaria transmission and land use change in Southeast Asia: what is known about the vectors

P. knowlesi vector species

WHO Indicators

Literature

Occurrence

Density

Biting time

Biting location

HBR

Resting location

Resistance

Larval habitat

HBI

Sporozoite rate

EIR

An. latens

***

**

**

**

**

°

 

*

*

**

*

[34, 40, 46, 49, 50, 56, 60, 100]

An. leucosphyrus

**

  

°

       

[44, 60, 101]

An. balabacensis

***

***

***

***

**

 

°

  

**

*

[23, 40,41,42, 45, 49, 51, 54, 100, 102, 103]a

An. introlatus

**

**

*

**

*

      

[46, 53, 56, 104]

An. dirus

***

***

**

**

**

 

**

**

 

**

°

[21, 38, 47, 48, 52, 61, 68, 105]

An. cracens

**

**

**

**

*

  

*

°

**

*

[12, 44, 67, 106]

An. donaldi

**

**

*

*

*

    

*

 

[41, 42, 45, 51, 100]

An. sundaicus

*

*

       

°

 

[43]

An. letifer

*

*

 

°

     

*

 

[40, 56]

  1. This table includes published evidence on biological indicators of species that are known or strongly suspected to transmit zoonotic malaria, based on the WHO indicators for vector control. Only the publications that studies a species in its role as vector for zoonotic malaria are included; i.e., An. dirus is also a vector for human malarias but only research on its role as vector for zoonotic malaria is included. Evidence of direct findings are indicated by asterisks: * weak evidence (information from a single publication, or only mentioned as a sidenote in other publications); ** medium evidence (information from less than 5 publications, of which only a minority was mentioned as sidenote); *** strong evidence (information from 5 or more publications, none of which mentioned the evidence as a sidenote). Circumstantial evidence indicated by a. HBR human biting rate, HBI human blood index, EIR entomological inoculation rate
  2. aSome additional information on An. balabacensis was provided by the Ministry of Health of Indonesia. We have included this document as Reference [106], which is an official document issued by the Ministry of Health, Indonesia and is available upon request