Zoonotic malaria transmission and land use change in Southeast Asia: what is known about the vectors

van de Straat, Bram; Sebayang, Boni; Grigg, Matthew J.; Staunton, Kyran; Garjito, Triwibowo Ambar; Vythilingam, Indra; Russell, Tanya L.; Burkot, Thomas R.

doi:10.1186/s12936-022-04129-2

Malaria Journal

Table 2 Information on vector behaviours

From: Zoonotic malaria transmission and land use change in Southeast Asia: what is known about the vectors

P. knowlesi vector species	WHO Indicators											Literature
P. knowlesi vector species	Occurrence	Density (min\|max)	HBR	HBI	Biting time	Biting location	Resting location	Resistance	Larval habitat	Sporozoite rate	EIR	Literature
An. latens	Borneo: Sarawak, South/Central/North Kalimantan	1 \| 1073	Highest in forest fringe and forest	Human—monkey = 1:1.12⁶; 1.3:1⁷	Starts early, peak varies (20.00–01.00)	Outdoors	°		Freshwater pools, puddles; still, shaded water; little vegetation	0.70–1.40%	*	[34, 40, 46, 49, 50, 56, 60, 100]
An. leucosphyrus	Sumatra, Java		Highest in forest		Peaks between 00.00–04.00	Outdoors			Freshwater pools, shaded water, jungle pools, seepage springs, marshes, hoof prints			[34, 60, 101]
An. balabacensis	Malaysia: Sabah, North Sarawak; Indonesia: North/South Kalimantan, Sumatra, Java, West Nusa Tenggara	1 \| 1791	Highest in forest edge and plantations		Early, peaks between 18.00–21.00	Mainly outdoor, some indoor biting present in villages		°		1.03–3.42% (100%)	*	[23, 40,41,42, 45, 49, 51, 100, 102,103,104]^a
An. introlatus	Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra	4 \| 135	Highest in forest		Early, peaks between 19.00–21.00	Outdoors						[46, 53, 56, 104]
An. dirus	Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia	8 \| 5686	Highest in forest 0.3–17.4		Early peak, biting continues through the night	Outdoors, occasional indoor biting		**	Freshwater pools, puddles; still, shaded water, along slow streams	(0%), 0.54–2.0%	°	[21, 38, 47, 48, 52, 61, 68, 105]
An. cracens	Peninsular Malaysia	40 \| 648	High in forest and fruit farm	°	Early, peaks between 19.00–21.00	Outdoors			Freshwater pools, puddles; still, shaded water; little vegetation	0.60–2.90%	*	[12, 44, 66, 104]
An. donaldi	Malaysia: Sarawak, Sabah,	3 \| 251	High in forest		Early, peaks between 18.00–19.00	Outdoors				*		[41, 42, 45, 51, 100]
An. sundaicus	As possible P. knowlesi vector: Nicobar Islands, India	350										[43]
An. letifer	Malaysian Borneo	172				°				3.48%		[40, 56]

This table includes information based on published data on biological indicators of species that are known to transmit P. knowlesi malaria to humans, based on the WHO indicators for vector control. The table only includes publications that studies a species in its role as vector for zoonotic malaria; i.e., An. dirus is also a vector for human malarias but only research on its role as vector for zoonotic malaria is included; An. donaldi, An. letifer and An. sundaicus await confirmation. HBR human biting rate, HBI human blood index, EIR entomological inoculation rate
^aSome additional information on An. balabacensis was provided by the Ministry of Health of Indonesia. We have included this document as Reference [106], which is an official document issued by the Ministry of Health, Indonesia and is available upon request

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