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Table 1 List of primate malarias and the avian Plasmodium used in comparative studies

From: Why Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are so different? A tale of two clades and their species diversities

Haemosporidian species

Natural host

Biogeographic region

Refs.

Plasmodium (Haemamoeba) gallinaceum

Galliformes

Oriental zoogeographical region

[45]

Plasmodium (Haemamoeba) relictum

More than 300 bird species

Worldwide distribution

[45]

Plasmodium (Laverania) falciparum

Homo sapiens

Worldwide Tropical regions

[3]

Plasmodium (Laverania) praefalciparum

Gorilla gorilla

African region (e.g., Cameroon)

[2, 73]

Plasmodium (Laverania) blacklocki

Gorilla gorilla

African region (Cameroon, Uganda)

[2, 73]

Plasmodium (Laverania) adleri

Gorilla gorilla

African region (Cameroon)

[2, 73]

Plasmodium (Laverania) reichenowi

Pan troglodytes

African region (e.g., Congo)

[3, 73]

Plasmodium (Laverania) billcollinsi

Pan troglodytes

African region (e.g., Uganda, Republic of the Congo)

[42, 73]

Plasmodium (Laverania) gaboni

Pan troglodytes

African region (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Kenya, Republic of Congo, Uganda)

[44, 73, 85]

Plasmodium (Laverania) billbrayi

Pan troglodytes

African region (Uganda, Republic of the Congo)

[42, 73]

Plasmodium (Laverania) lomamiensis

Pan paniscus

African region (Democratic Republic of Congo)

[43]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) malariae

Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes

Worldwide

[3]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) malariae-like

Pan troglodytes

African region (e.g., Gabon)

[3, 81]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) brasilianum

Haplorhini, Simiiformes (Alouatta spp., Brachyteles sp., Cacajao sp., Callicebus sp. Lagothrix sp., sp., Mico sp., Pithecia sp., Saguinus sp., Saimiri sp.)

South America

[3, 81]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) ovale curtisi

Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes

Worldwide

[81]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) ovale wallikeri

Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes

Worldwide

[81]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) gonderi

Cercocebus agilis, C. atys, Lophocebus albigena, Mandrillus leucophaeus, M. sphinx

African region

[3]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) sp.

(DAJ-2004)

Cercopithecus cephus, C. nictitans, Mandrillus sphinx

African region

[36]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) hylobati

Hylobates moloch, H. muelleri

Asian region (e.g., West Malaysia)

[3]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) eylesi

Hylobates lar

Asian region (e.g., Indonesia, Malaysia)

[3]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) youngi

Hylobates lar

Asian region (e.g., Malaysia)

[3]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) jefferyi

Hylobates lar

Asian region (e.g., Malaysia)

[3]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) fragile

M. radiata, M. mulatta, Prebytis spp.

Asian region (e.g., Southern India, Sri Lanka)

[3, 50]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) fieldi

Macaca arctoides, M. fascicularis, M. leonina, M. nemestrina

Asian region (e.g., Sri Lanka)

[3, 50]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) simiovale

Macaca sinica

Asian region (e.g., West Malaysia, Thailand)

[3, 50]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) inui

Macaca arctoides, M. cyclopis, M. fascicularis, M. leonina, M. mulatta, M. nemestrina, M. nigra, M. radiata, M. sinica, Trachypithecus cristatus, T. obscurus

Asian region (Bangladesh, Borneo, Cebu, Southwest India, Java, West Malaysia, Mindanao, Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka, Palawan, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, Tioman, Vietnam

[3, 19, 45, 50,51,52,53,54,55, 76]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) knowlesi

Macaca arctoides, M. fascicularis, M. nemestrina, Presbytis femoralis, Trachypithecus obscurus,

Asian region (Southeast)

[3, 19, 45, 50,51,52,53,54,55, 76]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) coatneyi

Macaca arctoides, M. fascicularis, M. nemestrina, Trachypithecus cristatus

Asian region (Malaysia, Philippines, Cebu, Kalimantan, Palawan, Sarawak, Thailand)

[3, 19, 45, 50,51,52,53,54,55, 76]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) cynomolgi

Macaca arctoides, M. fascicularis, M. leonina, M. mulatta, M. nemestrina, M. radiata, M. sinica, Semnopithecus priam, Trachypithecus cristatus

Asian region (Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, Cebu, Southwest India, Java, West Malaysia, Nicobar Islands, Palawan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand)

[3, 19, 45, 50,51,52,53,54,55, 76]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) pitheci

Pongo pygmaeus

Asian region (Borneo)

[3, 30, 56]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) silvaticum

Pongo pygmaeus

Asian region (Borneo)

[3, 30, 56]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) schwrtzi

Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla

African region (Cameroon)

[3]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) simium

Alouatta caraya, A. guariba, Brachyteles arachnoides

South America (Brazil-Atlantic Forest)

[3, 20, 21]

Plasmodium vivax-like

Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla

African region

[48]

Plasmodium (Plasmodium) vivax

Homo sapiens

Worldwide Tropical regions

[3]

Plasmodium girardi

Lemur fulvus rufus

Madagascar

[3]

Plasmodium lemuris

Lemur collaris

Madagascar

[3]

Plasmodium percygarnhami

Eulemur macaco macaco

Madagascar

[25, 60]

Plasmodium foleyi

Eulemur rufus

Madagascar

[60]

Plasmodium coulangesi

Eulemur macaco

Madagascar

[60]

Plasmodium bucki

Eulemur macaco

Madagascar

[60]

Plasmodium uilenbergi

Eulemur fulvus

Madagascar

[60]

Plasmodium malagasi

Propithecus verreauxi

Madagascar

[60]

Plasmodium sp. (haplotype A)

Hapalemur griseus griseus

Madagascar

[25]

Plasmodium sp. (haplotype B)

Varecia variegata

Madagascar

[25]

Plasmodium sp. (haplotype C)

Hapalemur griseus griseus

Madagascar

[25]

Plasmodium sp. (haplotype D)

Indri indri

Madagascar

[25]

Plasmodium sp. (haplotype E)

Eulemur macaco

Madagascar

[25]

  1. The parasite species that infect humans as their primary host are in bold. Those species that are part of zoonotic or anthropozoonotic (reverse zoonoses) cycles are underlined