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Table 2 Studies of monkeys screened for simian malaria using PCR throughout Southeast Asia from 2008 to 2021

From: Plasmodium knowlesi: the game changer for malaria eradication

Countries/territories

Reference

Location

Sampling period

Monkey species sampled

Type of monkey

Total monkeys sampled

P. knowlesi positive samples

P. knowlesi infection prevalence (%)

Malaysia Borneo

Lee et al. [48]

Kapit Division, Sarawak

2004–2008

M. fascicularis

Wild

82

71

86.6

2004–2008

M. nemestrina

Wild

26

13

50.0

Muehlenbein et al. [55]

Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre, Sabah

2010–2011

M. fascicularis

Wild

26

4

15.4

2010–2011

M. nemestrina

Wild

15

2

13.3

Peninsular Malaysia

Vythilingam et al. [22]

Kuala Lipis Pahang

Not stated

M. fascicularisa

Wild

75

10

13.3

Kuala Lumpur

Not stated

M. fascicularisa

Wild

29

0

0.0

Selangor

Not stated

M. fascicularisa

Wild

41

0

0.0

Ho et al. [56]

Selangor

Not stated

M. fascicularis

Wild

107

25b

23.3

Khajeaian [57]

Peninsular Malaysia (Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Kelantan, Penang)c

2010 -2014

M. fascicularis

Wild

283

97

34.3

Akter et al. [58]

Hulu Selangor, Selangor

2014

M. fascicularis

Wild

70

21

30.0

Amir et al. [59]

Pahang

2016

M. fascicularis

Wild

34

9

26.5

2016

M. nemestrina

Wild

5

0

0.0

Perak

2016

M. fascicularis

Wild

26

1

3.8

Johor

2016

M. fascicularis

Wild

38

1

2.6

Indonesia

Zhang et al. [49]

Southern Sumatra

2010

M. fascicularis

Wild

50

0

0.0

Bintan Island (Island near Singapore)

2007

M. fascicularis

Wild

20

0

0.0

Singapore

Zhang et al. [49]

Singapore (unspecified)

2007

M. fascicularis

Wild

40

0

0.0

Jeslyn et al. [52]

Military protected zone in Western Catchment Area

2007–2009

M. fascicularis

Wild

3

3

100.0

Peridomestic from various parts of Singapore

2007–2009

M. fascicularis

Wild (Peri-domestic)

10

0

0.0

Li [53]

Military protected zone in Western Catchment Area

2007–2011

M. fascicularis

Wild

93

45

48.4

Peridomestic from various parts of Singapore

2007–2011

M. fascicularis

Wild (Peri-domestic)

65

0

0.0

Li et al. [54]

Military protected zone in Western Catchment Area

2009–2017

M. fascicularis

Wild

379

145

38.3

Peridomestic from various parts of Singapore

2008–2017

M. fascicularis

Wild (Peri-domestic)

660

0

0.0

The Philippines

Zhang et al. [49]

Zamboanga, Southern Philippines

2012

M. fascicularis

Wild

40

0

0.0

Batangas, Northern Philippines

2012

M. fascicularis

Wild

28

0

0.0

Gamalo et al. [51]

Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, Palawan

2017

M. fascicularis

Wild

40

18

45.0

Palawan Wildlife Rescue and Research Center, Palawan

2017

M. fascicularis

Captive

25

0

0.0

National Wildlife and Research Centre, Diliman, Quezon City, Manila

2017

M. fascicularis

Captive

30

0

0.0

Taiwan

Huang et al. [50]

Chia-shan area Kao-hsiung City, sourthern Taiwan

2006–2008

M. cyclopis

Wild

51

0

0.0

Southern Taiwan

2006–2008

M. cyclopis

Captive

235

0

0.0

Thailand

Putaporntip et al. [60] d

Pattalung

2008–2009

M. nemestrina

Wild

13

0

0.0

2008–2009

M. arctoides

Wild

4

0

0.0

Pattani

2008–2009

M. nemestrina

Wild

1

0

0.0

2008–2009

M. fascicularis

Wild

1

0

0.0

Yala

2008–2009

M. nemestrina

Wild

62

0

0.0

2008–2009

M. fascicularis

Wild

8

0

0.0

Narathiwat

2008–2009

M. nemestrina

Wild

373

5

1.3

2008–2009

M. fascicularis

Wild

186

1

0.5

2008–2009

Semnopithecus obscuruse

Wild

7

1

14.3

Fungfuang et al. [61]

Chacheongsao province

2017–2019

M. fascicularis

Captive

32

0

0.0

Ranong province

2017–2019

M. fascicularis

Wild

4

0

0.0

Prachuap Kiri Khan province

2017–2019

M. arctoidese

Wild

32

1

3.1

Nakornatchasima province

2017–2019

M. leonina

Wild

25

0

0.0

Cambodia

Zhang et al. [49]

Vanny

2011

M. fascicularis

Wild

54

0

0.0

Laos

Zhang et al. [49]

Laos (unspecified)

2013

M. fascicularis

Wild

44

1

2.3

  1. aWithin these samples there is one M. nemestrina and one Presbytis melolophus. However, it is not stated where these two monkeys were obtained from
  2. bAbsolute value was not stated in the paper
  3. cUnable to accurately discern the prevalence in the individual states
  4. dA single round PCR reaction was done that amplified Plasmodium and Hepatocystis. Species were identified by cloning the PCR fragments and sequencing 10 positive clones per sample. Species specific PCR was not conducted and therefore, some species may have been missed due to stochastic effects
  5. ePutative new host for P. knowlesi