Table 3 Risk and protective factors associated with P. knowlesi infection and exposure
From: Plasmodium knowlesi: the game changer for malaria eradication
Categories | Risk/protective | Factors | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
Individual | Risk | Age | |
Male Race Direct contact with monkeys | |||
Forest-related and/or agricultural work (farmer, oil palm plantation worker, and vegetation clearing) | |||
Travel into the forests/ eco-tourism | |||
Sleep outside the house | |||
Stay overnight in forest or in workplace near forest | |||
Previous malaria infection | |||
Lack of usage of personal protection (bed net, repellent/ residual insecticide spray) | |||
Protective | G6PD deficiency | ||
Personal protection (bed net, repellent/ residual insecticide spray) | |||
Lived in village | |||
Environmental | Risk | Areas with significant forest coverage (within 2Â km radius) | |
Rapid deforestation (within 2Â km radius) | |||
Oil palm plantation and fragmentation of oil palm plantations | |||
Patches of dense forest/ fragmentation of forests | |||
Presence of wild monkeys | |||
Long grass around house | |||
Open roof eaves/gaps in house walls | |||
Protective | Altitude elevation | ||
Rice paddy fields around house |