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Table 1 Background characteristics of women by intervention status

From: Impact of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying on self-reported malaria prevalence among women of reproductive age in Ghana: implication for malaria control and elimination

Variables

Number of women (%)

Access to ITNs

Household Sprayed (IRS)

Combination of interventions

None

IRS only

ITNs only

Both IRS & ITNs

P-value

%

P-value

%

P-value

%

%

%

%

Total

4861 (100%)

79.91

 

12.43

 

19.07

1.02

68.5

11.41

 

Region of residence

  

 < 0.001

 

 < 0.001

    

 < 0.001

 Western

398 (8.19)

5.99

 

1.15

 

2.06

0.14

4.98

1.01

 

 Central

511 (10.51)

9.42

 

0.78

 

1.09

0.00

8.64

0.78

 

 Greater Accra

882 (18.15)

12.86

 

0.29

 

5.29

0.00

12.57

0.29

 

 Volta

401 (8.24)

6.79

 

0.00

 

1.46

0.00

6.79

0.00

 

 Eastern

451 (9.28)

7.09

 

0.00

 

2.19

0.00

7.09

0.00

 

 Ashanti

964 (19.84)

14.87

 

2.00

 

4.59

0.37

13.25

1.62

 

 Brong Ahafo

420 (8.64)

7.27

 

0.23

 

1.35

0.01

7.05

0.22

 

 Northern

509 (10.48)

9.21

 

4.47

 

0.93

0.34

5.08

4.13

 

 Upper East

192 (3.95)

3.86

 

1.01

 

0.08

0.01

2.85

1.00

 

 Upper West

133 (2.73)

2.56

 

2.50

 

0.03

0.15

0.20

2.35

 

Place of residence

  

 < 0.001

 

0.005

    

 < 0.001

 Urban

2579 (53.06)

39.16

 

3.27

 

13.62

0.29

36.17

2.99

 

 Rural

2282 (46.94)

40.75

 

9.15

 

5.45

0.73

32.33

8.42

 

Household characteristics

 Household size

  

 < 0.001

 

 < 0.001

    

 < 0.001

  < 4 members

1448 (29.79)

21.79

 

2.21

 

7.60

0.40

19.98

1.81

 

  4–6 members

2225 (45.78)

37.29

 

5.28

 

8.22

0.27

32.28

5.01

 

  7–9 members

904 (18.6)

15.73

 

3.61

 

2.52

0.35

12.46

3.27

 

  10+ members

284 (5.83)

5.11

 

1.32

 

0.73

0.00

3.78

1.32

 

 Sex of household head

  

 < 0.001

 

0.007

    

 < 0.001

  Male

3108 (63.93)

53.06

 

9.87

 

10.2

0.67

43.86

9.20

 

  Female

1753 (36.07)

26.85

 

2.56

 

8.86

0.36

24.64

2.21

 

 Age of household head (mean ± SD)

43.75 ± 13.46

 

0.041

 

0.183

    

0.054

  < 30

668 (13.74)

10.14

 

1.20

 

3.55

0.05

8.99

1.16

 

  30–49

2746 (56.49)

45.84

 

7.60

 

9.92

0.73

38.97

6.87

 

  50–69

1206 (24.81)

19.75

 

3.07

 

4.84

0.22

16.90

2.85

 

  > 69

241 (4.961)

4.17

 

0.55

 

0.76

0.02

3.64

0.53

 

 Wealth index

  

 < 0.001

 

0.011

    

 < 0.001

  Poor

1705 (35.08)

30.82

 

6.48

 

4.09

0.17

24.51

6.31

 

  Middle

1000 (20.56)

16.60

 

2.82

 

3.66

0.30

14.09

2.52

 

  Rich

2156 (44.36)

32.48

 

3.13

 

11.32

0.56

29.90

2.58

 

 Source of water

  

0.004

 

0.857

    

0.324

  Improved water source

4239 (87.22)

68.87

 

10.95

 

17.37

0.97

58.89

9.98

 

  Unimproved water source

621 (12.78)

11.03

 

1.48

 

1.70

0.05

9.61

1.42

 

 Toilet facility

  

 < 0.001

 

0.007

    

0.002

  Improved toilet facility

3468 (71.35)

55.38

 

6.73

 

15.34

0.63

49.28

6.10

 

  Unimproved toilet facility

1393 (28.65)

24.52

 

5.70

 

3.73

0.39

19.22

5.31

 

 Access to electricity

  

 < 0.001

 

0.524

    

0.045

  No

996 (20.48)

18.29

 

3.04

 

2.06

0.13

15.39

2.91

 

  Yes

3865 (79.52)

61.61

 

9.39

 

17.01

0.89

53.11

8.50

 

 Main floor materials

  

0.058

 

0.076

    

0.087

  Ceramic/tiles/carpet

1165 (23.97)

18.20

 

2.05

 

5.51

0.26

16.41

1.79

 

  Cement

3051 (62.78)

50.66

 

8.16

 

11.55

0.57

43.07

7.59

 

  Sand/earth/wooden planks

644 (13.25)

11.05

 

2.22

 

2.01

0.19

9.02

2.02

 

 Main wall materials

  

 < 0.001

 

0.004

    

 < 0.001

  Cement/bricks

3143 (64.66)

48.77

 

4.97

 

15.27

0.61

44.41

4.36

 

  Others (clay, woods etc.,)

1718 (35.34)

31.13

 

7.46

 

3.80

0.41

24.09

7.05

 

 Main roof materials

  

0.002

 

 < 0.001

    

 < 0.001

  Asbestos/shingles/concrete

871 (17.92)

12.90

 

0.26

 

4.96

0.06

12.70

0.21

 

  Zinc/aluminium

3810 (78.37)

63.75

 

11.38

 

13.68

0.95

53.32

10.43

 

  Thatch/palm leaves/wood

180 (3.709)

3.25

 

0.78

 

0.44

0.02

2.49

0.77

 

 Cooking fuel

  

 < 0.001

 

0.064

    

0.003

  Non-solid (LPG, electricity)

1137 (23.39)

16.48

 

1.55

 

6.64

0.27

15.21

1.27

 

  Solid (charcoal, woods, etc.)

3724 (76.61)

63.43

 

10.88

 

12.43

0.75

53.29

10.13

 

Women characteristics

 Woman’s age

29.80 ± 9.51

 

0.91

 

0.439

    

0.7016

  15–19

854 (17.56)

14.20

 

2.55

 

3.08

0.28

11.93

2.27

 

  20–29

1610 (33.12)

26.36

 

3.88

 

6.47

0.29

22.77

3.59

 

  30–39

1458 (29.99)

23.88

 

3.66

 

5.86

0.25

20.47

3.41

 

  40–49

939 (19.33)

15.46

 

2.33

 

3.66

0.21

13.34

2.13

 

 Woman’s education

  

0.009

 

 < 0.001

    

 < 0.001

  No education

955 (19.65)

16.46

 

4.62

 

2.75

0.44

12.28

4.18

 

  Primary

832 (17.12)

13.91

 

2.23

 

2.92

0.28

11.96

1.95

 

  Secondary

2719 (55.94)

44.18

 

4.80

 

11.46

0.30

39.68

4.50

 

  Higher/tertiary

355 (7.29)

5.35

 

0.77

 

1.94

0.00

4.58

0.77

 

 Number of births

  

0.007

 

0.204

    

0.076

  None

1391 (28.61)

21.81

 

3.12

 

6.44

0.36

19.05

2.76

 

  1–2 births

1406 (28.92)

22.89

 

3.39

 

5.75

0.28

19.77

3.12

 

  3–4 births

1095 (22.52)

18.56

 

2.73

 

3.85

0.10

15.93

2.63

 

  > 4 births

970 (19.96)

16.65

 

3.18

 

3.02

0.29

13.75

2.89

 

 Woman’s currently pregnant

  

0.079

 

0.134

    

0.164

  No/unsure

4511 (92.8)

73.84

 

11.28

 

18.05

0.90

63.47

10.38

 

  Yes

350 (7.2)

6.06

 

1.15

 

1.02

0.12

5.03

1.03

 

 Covered by health insurance

  

0.135

 

 < 0.001

    

0.003

  No

2011 (41.38)

32.44

 

3.98

 

8.71

0.22

28.68

3.76

 

  Yes

2850 (58.62)

47.47

 

8.45

 

10.36

0.80

39.82

7.65

 

 Woman’s religion

  

0.277

 

0.005

    

0.004

  Christians

3760 (77.35)

61.74

 

6.48

 

15.12

0.48

55.74

6.00

 

  Islam

946 (19.46)

15.83

 

5.71

 

3.13

0.49

10.61

5.22

 

  Tradition/no religion/others

155 (3.19)

2.33

 

0.24

 

0.81

0.05

2.15

0.18

 

 Knowledge of malaria

  

 < 0.001

 

0.1254

    

0.016

  Low knowledge

81 (1.66)

1.25

 

0.15

 

0.38

0.04

1.13

0.11

 

  Moderate knowledge

1464 (30.11)

22.90

 

3.10

 

6.89

0.33

20.12

2.77

 

  Comprehensive knowledge

3316 (68.22)

55.77

 

9.18

 

11.80

0.66

47.24

8.52

 

 Exposure to malaria messages in the past 6 months

  

0.942

 

0.167

    

0.194

  Not exposed

2633 (54.17)

43.31

 

7.67

 

10.07

0.79

36.43

6.88

 

  Exposed

2228 (45.83)

36.59

 

4.76

 

9.00

0.24

32.07

4.52

 
  1. ITN, insecticide treated net; IRS, indoor residual spraying; CI, confidence interval
  2. All percentages are column percentages P-values are from the Rao Scott’s chi-square tests