Variables | Number of women (%) | Access to ITNs | Household Sprayed (IRS) | Combination of interventions | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
None | IRS only | ITNs only | Both IRS & ITNs | P-value | ||||||
% | P-value | % | P-value | % | % | % | % | |||
Total | 4861 (100%) | 79.91 | 12.43 | 19.07 | 1.02 | 68.5 | 11.41 | |||
Region of residence | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||
Western | 398 (8.19) | 5.99 | 1.15 | 2.06 | 0.14 | 4.98 | 1.01 | |||
Central | 511 (10.51) | 9.42 | 0.78 | 1.09 | 0.00 | 8.64 | 0.78 | |||
Greater Accra | 882 (18.15) | 12.86 | 0.29 | 5.29 | 0.00 | 12.57 | 0.29 | |||
Volta | 401 (8.24) | 6.79 | 0.00 | 1.46 | 0.00 | 6.79 | 0.00 | |||
Eastern | 451 (9.28) | 7.09 | 0.00 | 2.19 | 0.00 | 7.09 | 0.00 | |||
Ashanti | 964 (19.84) | 14.87 | 2.00 | 4.59 | 0.37 | 13.25 | 1.62 | |||
Brong Ahafo | 420 (8.64) | 7.27 | 0.23 | 1.35 | 0.01 | 7.05 | 0.22 | |||
Northern | 509 (10.48) | 9.21 | 4.47 | 0.93 | 0.34 | 5.08 | 4.13 | |||
Upper East | 192 (3.95) | 3.86 | 1.01 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 2.85 | 1.00 | |||
Upper West | 133 (2.73) | 2.56 | 2.50 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 2.35 | |||
Place of residence | < 0.001 | 0.005 | < 0.001 | |||||||
Urban | 2579 (53.06) | 39.16 | 3.27 | 13.62 | 0.29 | 36.17 | 2.99 | |||
Rural | 2282 (46.94) | 40.75 | 9.15 | 5.45 | 0.73 | 32.33 | 8.42 | |||
Household characteristics | ||||||||||
Household size | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||
< 4 members | 1448 (29.79) | 21.79 | 2.21 | 7.60 | 0.40 | 19.98 | 1.81 | |||
4–6 members | 2225 (45.78) | 37.29 | 5.28 | 8.22 | 0.27 | 32.28 | 5.01 | |||
7–9 members | 904 (18.6) | 15.73 | 3.61 | 2.52 | 0.35 | 12.46 | 3.27 | |||
10+ members | 284 (5.83) | 5.11 | 1.32 | 0.73 | 0.00 | 3.78 | 1.32 | |||
Sex of household head | < 0.001 | 0.007 | < 0.001 | |||||||
Male | 3108 (63.93) | 53.06 | 9.87 | 10.2 | 0.67 | 43.86 | 9.20 | |||
Female | 1753 (36.07) | 26.85 | 2.56 | 8.86 | 0.36 | 24.64 | 2.21 | |||
Age of household head (mean ± SD) | 43.75 ± 13.46 | 0.041 | 0.183 | 0.054 | ||||||
< 30 | 668 (13.74) | 10.14 | 1.20 | 3.55 | 0.05 | 8.99 | 1.16 | |||
30–49 | 2746 (56.49) | 45.84 | 7.60 | 9.92 | 0.73 | 38.97 | 6.87 | |||
50–69 | 1206 (24.81) | 19.75 | 3.07 | 4.84 | 0.22 | 16.90 | 2.85 | |||
> 69 | 241 (4.961) | 4.17 | 0.55 | 0.76 | 0.02 | 3.64 | 0.53 | |||
Wealth index | < 0.001 | 0.011 | < 0.001 | |||||||
Poor | 1705 (35.08) | 30.82 | 6.48 | 4.09 | 0.17 | 24.51 | 6.31 | |||
Middle | 1000 (20.56) | 16.60 | 2.82 | 3.66 | 0.30 | 14.09 | 2.52 | |||
Rich | 2156 (44.36) | 32.48 | 3.13 | 11.32 | 0.56 | 29.90 | 2.58 | |||
Source of water | 0.004 | 0.857 | 0.324 | |||||||
Improved water source | 4239 (87.22) | 68.87 | 10.95 | 17.37 | 0.97 | 58.89 | 9.98 | |||
Unimproved water source | 621 (12.78) | 11.03 | 1.48 | 1.70 | 0.05 | 9.61 | 1.42 | |||
Toilet facility | < 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.002 | |||||||
Improved toilet facility | 3468 (71.35) | 55.38 | 6.73 | 15.34 | 0.63 | 49.28 | 6.10 | |||
Unimproved toilet facility | 1393 (28.65) | 24.52 | 5.70 | 3.73 | 0.39 | 19.22 | 5.31 | |||
Access to electricity | < 0.001 | 0.524 | 0.045 | |||||||
No | 996 (20.48) | 18.29 | 3.04 | 2.06 | 0.13 | 15.39 | 2.91 | |||
Yes | 3865 (79.52) | 61.61 | 9.39 | 17.01 | 0.89 | 53.11 | 8.50 | |||
Main floor materials | 0.058 | 0.076 | 0.087 | |||||||
Ceramic/tiles/carpet | 1165 (23.97) | 18.20 | 2.05 | 5.51 | 0.26 | 16.41 | 1.79 | |||
Cement | 3051 (62.78) | 50.66 | 8.16 | 11.55 | 0.57 | 43.07 | 7.59 | |||
Sand/earth/wooden planks | 644 (13.25) | 11.05 | 2.22 | 2.01 | 0.19 | 9.02 | 2.02 | |||
Main wall materials | < 0.001 | 0.004 | < 0.001 | |||||||
Cement/bricks | 3143 (64.66) | 48.77 | 4.97 | 15.27 | 0.61 | 44.41 | 4.36 | |||
Others (clay, woods etc.,) | 1718 (35.34) | 31.13 | 7.46 | 3.80 | 0.41 | 24.09 | 7.05 | |||
Main roof materials | 0.002 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||
Asbestos/shingles/concrete | 871 (17.92) | 12.90 | 0.26 | 4.96 | 0.06 | 12.70 | 0.21 | |||
Zinc/aluminium | 3810 (78.37) | 63.75 | 11.38 | 13.68 | 0.95 | 53.32 | 10.43 | |||
Thatch/palm leaves/wood | 180 (3.709) | 3.25 | 0.78 | 0.44 | 0.02 | 2.49 | 0.77 | |||
Cooking fuel | < 0.001 | 0.064 | 0.003 | |||||||
Non-solid (LPG, electricity) | 1137 (23.39) | 16.48 | 1.55 | 6.64 | 0.27 | 15.21 | 1.27 | |||
Solid (charcoal, woods, etc.) | 3724 (76.61) | 63.43 | 10.88 | 12.43 | 0.75 | 53.29 | 10.13 | |||
Women characteristics | ||||||||||
Woman’s age | 29.80 ± 9.51 | 0.91 | 0.439 | 0.7016 | ||||||
15–19 | 854 (17.56) | 14.20 | 2.55 | 3.08 | 0.28 | 11.93 | 2.27 | |||
20–29 | 1610 (33.12) | 26.36 | 3.88 | 6.47 | 0.29 | 22.77 | 3.59 | |||
30–39 | 1458 (29.99) | 23.88 | 3.66 | 5.86 | 0.25 | 20.47 | 3.41 | |||
40–49 | 939 (19.33) | 15.46 | 2.33 | 3.66 | 0.21 | 13.34 | 2.13 | |||
Woman’s education | 0.009 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||
No education | 955 (19.65) | 16.46 | 4.62 | 2.75 | 0.44 | 12.28 | 4.18 | |||
Primary | 832 (17.12) | 13.91 | 2.23 | 2.92 | 0.28 | 11.96 | 1.95 | |||
Secondary | 2719 (55.94) | 44.18 | 4.80 | 11.46 | 0.30 | 39.68 | 4.50 | |||
Higher/tertiary | 355 (7.29) | 5.35 | 0.77 | 1.94 | 0.00 | 4.58 | 0.77 | |||
Number of births | 0.007 | 0.204 | 0.076 | |||||||
None | 1391 (28.61) | 21.81 | 3.12 | 6.44 | 0.36 | 19.05 | 2.76 | |||
1–2 births | 1406 (28.92) | 22.89 | 3.39 | 5.75 | 0.28 | 19.77 | 3.12 | |||
3–4 births | 1095 (22.52) | 18.56 | 2.73 | 3.85 | 0.10 | 15.93 | 2.63 | |||
> 4 births | 970 (19.96) | 16.65 | 3.18 | 3.02 | 0.29 | 13.75 | 2.89 | |||
Woman’s currently pregnant | 0.079 | 0.134 | 0.164 | |||||||
No/unsure | 4511 (92.8) | 73.84 | 11.28 | 18.05 | 0.90 | 63.47 | 10.38 | |||
Yes | 350 (7.2) | 6.06 | 1.15 | 1.02 | 0.12 | 5.03 | 1.03 | |||
Covered by health insurance | 0.135 | < 0.001 | 0.003 | |||||||
No | 2011 (41.38) | 32.44 | 3.98 | 8.71 | 0.22 | 28.68 | 3.76 | |||
Yes | 2850 (58.62) | 47.47 | 8.45 | 10.36 | 0.80 | 39.82 | 7.65 | |||
Woman’s religion | 0.277 | 0.005 | 0.004 | |||||||
Christians | 3760 (77.35) | 61.74 | 6.48 | 15.12 | 0.48 | 55.74 | 6.00 | |||
Islam | 946 (19.46) | 15.83 | 5.71 | 3.13 | 0.49 | 10.61 | 5.22 | |||
Tradition/no religion/others | 155 (3.19) | 2.33 | 0.24 | 0.81 | 0.05 | 2.15 | 0.18 | |||
Knowledge of malaria | < 0.001 | 0.1254 | 0.016 | |||||||
Low knowledge | 81 (1.66) | 1.25 | 0.15 | 0.38 | 0.04 | 1.13 | 0.11 | |||
Moderate knowledge | 1464 (30.11) | 22.90 | 3.10 | 6.89 | 0.33 | 20.12 | 2.77 | |||
Comprehensive knowledge | 3316 (68.22) | 55.77 | 9.18 | 11.80 | 0.66 | 47.24 | 8.52 | |||
Exposure to malaria messages in the past 6 months | 0.942 | 0.167 | 0.194 | |||||||
Not exposed | 2633 (54.17) | 43.31 | 7.67 | 10.07 | 0.79 | 36.43 | 6.88 | |||
Exposed | 2228 (45.83) | 36.59 | 4.76 | 9.00 | 0.24 | 32.07 | 4.52 |