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Table 3 The impact of malaria control interventions on self-reported malaria prevalence among women in the past 12 months

From: Impact of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying on self-reported malaria prevalence among women of reproductive age in Ghana: implication for malaria control and elimination

Intervention arm vs. Non-intervention arm

Impact estimates of the malaria interventions on self-reported malaria prevalence among women aged 15–49 years

Poisson regression model

Sensitivity analysis

Binary logistic regression model

Probit regression model

Linear regression model

ATE [95% CI]

P-value

ATE [95% CI]

P-value

ATE [95% CI]

P-value

ATE [95% CI]

P-value

Access to ITNs vs. No access to ITNs

− 7.05 [− 11.96, − 2.14]

0.005

− 7.88 [− 13.14, − 2.62]

0.004

− 7.16 [− 12.26, − 2.07]

0.006

− 7.39 [− 12.60, − 2.17]

0.006

Household sprayed (IRS) vs. Household not sprayed

− 6.81 [− 13.06, − 0.55]

0.033

− 6.36 [− 13.03, 0.32]

0.062

− 7.34 [− 14.10, − 0.58]

0.033

− 5.99 [− 12.20, 0.23]

0.059

Access to ITNs & IRS vs. Access to ITNs only

− 6.88 [− 14.69, 0.93]

0.084

− 6.83 [− 14.61, 0.94]

0.085

− 7.68 [− 15.63, 0.28]

0.059

− 6.41 [− 13.86, 1.03]

0.091

Access to ITNs & IRS vs. Access to IRS only

− 4.70 [− 9.76, 0.37]

0.068

− 4.12 [− 8.15, − 0.09]

0.045

− 3.25 [− 7.09, 0.59]

0.095

− 19.08 [− 38.97, 0.80]

0.060

Access to ITNs & IRS vs. No access to ITNs & IRS

− 27.09 [− 34.94, − 19.25]

 < 0.001

− 27.99 [− 35.58, − 20.41]

 < 0.001

− 28.66 [− 36.33, − 21.00]

 < 0.001

− 27.12 [− 35.62, − 18.63]

 < 0.001

  1. Household characteristics (region, residence, household size, sex of household head, age of household head, household wealth quintile, household water source, toilet facility, access to electricity, main floor materials, main wall materials, main roof material and type of cooking fuel) and women individual characteristics (age of woman, highest education, religion, number of children, currently pregnant, covered by health insurance, knowledge on malaria and exposure to malaria message in the past 6 months) were controlled for
  2. ATE, average treatment effect. Percentage difference in malaria prevalence (Intervention − No Intervention); CI, confidence interval; ITNs, insecticide treated nets; IRS, indoor residual spraying