The primate malaria parasites Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium brasilianum and Plasmodium ovale spp.: genomic insights into distribution, dispersal and host transitions

Fuehrer, Hans-Peter; Campino, Susana; Sutherland, Colin J.

doi:10.1186/s12936-022-04151-4

Table 3 Geographic distribution and prevalence of P. ovale sp., P. ovale wallikeri and P. ovale curtisi (Sequences submitted to GenBank as P. ovale were assigned to species level post hoc)

From: The primate malaria parasites Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium brasilianum and Plasmodium ovale spp.: genomic insights into distribution, dispersal and host transitions

Country	Type	Diagnostic Technique	Prevalence	References
Afghanistan	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	Imported to Switzerland	Nguyen et al. 2020	[162]
Angola	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: FJ409571; FJ409567	Duval et al. 2009	[163]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: MG588149; imported to China	Zhou et al. Unpublished	–
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	0.3% (11/3316) 3 mono + 8 mixed; 2% (11/541) malaria positives	Fançony et al. 2013	[36]
	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	0.3% (11/3316) 4 mono + 7 mixed; 2% (11/541) malaria positives	Fançony et al. 2013	[36]
Bangladesh	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	0.26% (1/379) symptomatic; 0.45% (10/1867) incl. asymptomatic participants; Mono—36.4%	Fuehrer et al. 2012	[161]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	0.79% (3/379) symptomatic; 0.53% (12/1867) incl. asymptomatic participants; Mono—46.1%	Fuehrer et al. 2012	[161]
Benin	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: GQ183063; EU266604	Sutherland et al. 2010	[159]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	1 isolate in meta-analysis	Bauffe et al. 2012	[164]
	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	2 isolates in meta-analysis	Bauffe et al. 2012	[164]
Botswana	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	1.85% (30/1614); 11 mono and 19 mixed	Motshoge et al. 2021	[165]
Brunei	P. ovale sp.		1 case imported to China	Cao et al. 2016	[90]
Burkina Faso	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	3 isolates	Calderaro et al. 2012	[166]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	Imported to Germany	Frickmann et al. 2019	[167]
Burma/Myanmar	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	Various: e.g. KX672039; AB182496	Win et al. 2004; Li et al. 2016	[48, 156]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	Various: e.g. AB182497	Win et al. 2004	[48]
Burundi	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	1 isolate, imported to UK	Nolder et al. 2013	[168]
Cambodia	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g. FJ409571	Duval et al. 2009	[163]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence		Incardona et al. 2005	[169]
Cameroon	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	Imported to Singapore; GenBank: e.g. KP050401	Chavatte et al. 2015	[170]
	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence		Kojom Foko et al. 2021	[171]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g. FJ409566	Duval et al. 2009	[56]
Central African Republic	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	Various GenBank: e.g. FJ409571; KP050465	Duval et al. 2009; Chavatte et al. 2015	[163, 170]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	1.1% (1/95) asymptomatics; 4.3% (1/23) of malaria positives; GenBank: MG241227	Mapua et al. 2018	[58]
Chad	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	1 isolate in meta-analysis	Bauffe et al. 2012	[164]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	1 isolate in meta-analysis	Bauffe et al. 2012	[164]
	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	Imported to China	Zhou et al. 2019	[172]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	Imported to China	Zhou et al. 2019	[172]
China (Yunnan)	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: KX672045; certified malaria free since 2021	Li et al. 2016	[48]
Comoros	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	7 isolates	Bauffe et al. 2012	[164]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	11 isolates	Bauffe et al. 2012	[164]
Congo DRC	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g. FJ409567	Duval et al. 2009	[163]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	1% (2/198) children < 5 years; GenBank: KT867772	Gabrielli et al. 2016	[173]
Congo Republic of the	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	Imported to China; GenBank: MT430962	Chen et al. 2020	[174]
	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	4 clinical cases	Oguike et al. 2011	[175]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	2 clinical cases	Oguike et al. 2011	[175]
Cote d’Ivoire	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g. FJ409567; KP050411	Duval et al. 2009; Chavatte et al. 2015	[163, 170]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g. GU723538	Sutherland et al. 2010	[159]
Djibouti	P. ovale sp.		Rarely, 1 case in 2018/19 season	de Santi et al. 2021	[176]
East Timor (Timor-Leste)	P. ovale sp.		Present according to WHO; Documented in West Timor	Gundelfinger 1975	[177]
Equatorial Guinea	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: JF505386	Unpublished	–
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: KP050469	Chavatte et al. 2015	[170]
	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	Bioko Island—0.9–1.4% ovale in total population	Oguike et al. 2011	[175]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	Bioko Island—0.9–1.4% ovale in total population	Oguike et al. 2011	[175]
Eritrea	P. ovale sp.		1 case—imported to Germany	Roggelin et al. 2016	[178]
	P. ovale sp.		2.7% (4/146)—imported to Europe	Schlagenhauf et al. 2018	[72]
Ethiopia	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	0.7% (2/300) of symptomatic patients; 1.1% (2/184) of malaria positives, GenBank: e.g. KF536874	Alemu et al. 2013	[179]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	2.3% (7/300) of symptomatic patients; 3.8% (7/184) of malaria positives, GenBank: e.g. KF536876	Alemu et al. 2013	[179]
Gabon	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: FJ409571; MG869603	Duval et al. 2009; Groger et al. 2019	[163, 180]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: KJ170104; MG869598	Groger et al. 2019	[180]
	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	Rural Gabon—8.9% of malaria positives; 7 of 74 mono infection	Woldearegai et al. 2019	[76]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	Rural Gabon—4.6% of malaria positives; 1 of 38 mono infection	Woldearegai et al. 2019	[76]
Gambia, The	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	0.16% (1/604) pregnant	Williams et al. 2016	[44]
Ghana	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: GU723554	Sutherland et al. 2010	[159]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: KP725067	Oguike and Sutherland 2015	[181]
	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	Ashanti Region, 4% (15/284) malaria positives	Heinemann et al. 2020	[182]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	Ashanti Region, 3% (12/284) malaria positives	Heinemann et al. 2020	[182]
	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	27 cases—Children 5–17	Dinko et al. 2013	[27]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	7 cases—Children 5–17	Dinko et al. 2013	[27]
Guinea	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: FJ409571	Duval et al. 2009	[181]
	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	Imported to France	Joste et al. 2021	[183]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	Imported to China and France	Zhou et al. 2018; Joste et al. 2021	[183, 184]
Guinea-Bissau	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: EU266611	Sutherland et al. 2010	[159]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR		Saralamba et al. 2019	[185]
India	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: KU510234; KP050460	Chavatte et al. 2015; Krishna et al. 2017	[170, 186]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	Mono infection, Bastar division of Chhattisgarh state, GenBank: KM873370	Chaturvedi et al. 2015	[83]
	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	Mono infection, Bastar division of Chhattisgarh state, GenBank: KM288710	Chaturvedi et al. 2015	[83]
Indonesia	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	Sumatra,—GenBank: e.g.: KP050463	Chavatte et al. 2015	[170]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: AB182497	Win et al. 2004	[167]
Kenya	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: KM494987	Miller et al. 2015	[186]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: KM494986	Miller et al. 2015	[186]
Laos	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence		Toma et al. 1999	[188]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence		Toma et al. 1999	[188]
	P. ovale sp.	PCR	0.04% (1/2409) participants	Iwagami et al. 2018	[189]
Liberia	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: KP050457	Chavatte et al. 2015	[170]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: KP050382	Chavatte et al. 2015	[170]
Madagascar	P. ovale curtisi			Randriamiarinjatovo 2015	[190]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: FJ409570	Duval et al. 2009	[163]
	P. ovale sp.	PCR	1.4% (8/559) of malaria positives; 2 mono infections	Mehlotra et al. 2019	[91]
Malawi	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	2 isolates	Oguike and Sutherland 2015	[181]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	2 isolates	Oguike and Sutherland 2015	[181]
Malaysia	P. ovale sp. (P. ovale curtisi)	PCR	0.17% (1/585) asymptomatic; 5.3% (1/19) of malaria positives; primers rOVA1/rOVA2	Noordin et al. 2020	[191]
	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	Pahang; GenBank: MK351321	unpublished	–
	P. ovale sp.	PCR	0.4% (2/457) malaria positives	Yusof et al. 2014	[192]
Mali	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g. FJ409566	Duval et al. 2009	[163]
	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	0.49% (3/603) in pregnant women; 1 mono + 2 mixed	Williams et al. 2016	[44]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	0.49% (3/603) in pregnant women; 3 mixed	Williams et al. 2016	[44]
Mauritania	P. ovale sp.	Microscopy	Asymptomatic; Sahelian zone 0.47% (5/1056); Saharan zone 0.18% (2/1059); Sahelo-Saharan zone 0.37% (5/1330)	Ouldabdallahi Moukah et al. 2016	[97]
	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	Imported to France	Joste et al. 2021	[183]
Mayotte	P. ovale sp.	Regional Health Agency	0.4% of malaria cases	Maillard et al. 2015	[99]
Mozambique	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g. GU723517	Sutherland et al. 2010	[159]
	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	Imported to China	Cao et al. 2016	[90]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	Imported to France and Spain	Rojo-Marcos et al. 2014, Joste et al. 2021	[183, 193]
Namibia	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	0.31% (of 952) children < 9 years	Haiyambo et al. 2019	[194]
Niger	P. ovale sp.	Microscopy	1 case	Doudou et al. 2012	[102]
	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	Imported to France	Joste et al. 2021	[183]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	Imported to France	Joste et al. 2021	[183]
Nigeria	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: GU723534; KP050374	Sutherland et al. 2010; Chavatte et al. 2015	[159, 170]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: GU723579	Sutherland et al. 2010	[159]
	P. ovale sp.	PCR	24% of malaria positives	Abdulraheem et al. 2019	[106]
	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	1.1% (4/365) malaria positive children	Oyedeji et al. 2021	[195]
	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	Imported to China, France and Spain	Cao et al. 2016; Joste et al. 2021; Rojo-Marcos et al. 2014	[90, 183, 193]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	Imported to China, France and Spain	Cao et al. 2016; Joste et al. 2021; Rojo-Marcos et al. 2014	[90, 183, 193]
Pakistan	P. ovale sp.	PCR	Imported to China	Cao et al. 2016	[90]
Papua New Guinea	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: AF145337	Mehlotra et al. 2002	[196]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: EU266603	Sutherland et al. 2010	[159]
	P. ovale sp.	PCR	3.4% of 504 children aged 5–10 y from East Sepik Province	Robinson et al. 2015	[197]
Philippines	P. ovale sp.		Rare, Palawan only until 1977	Cabrera and Arambulo 1977	[200]
	P. ovale sp.	PCR	Palawan—0.3% (2/613)	Reyes et al. 2021	[199]
Rwanda	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	Imported to France	Joste et al. 2021	[183]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: FJ409570	Duval et al. 2009	[163]
	P. ovale sp.	PCR	4.9% (53/1089) schoolchildren	Sifft et al. 2016	[200]
Sao Tome and Principe	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: GQ231520	Sutherland et al. 2010	[159]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: EU266603	Sutherland et al. 2010	[159]
	P. ovale sp.	PCR	2.8% of 661	Pinto et al. 2000	[201]
Senegal	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: KX417703	unpublished	–
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: KX417699	unpublished	–
	P. ovale sp.	PCR	4.91% (6/122)	Badiane et al. 2021	[116]
	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	Imported to France	Joste et al. 2021	[183]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	Imported to France	Joste et al. 2021	[183]
Sierra Leone	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: GU723523	Sutherland et al. 2010	[159]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: GU723571	Sutherland et al. 2010	[159]
	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	Imported to France	Joste et al. 2021	[183]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	Imported to France	Joste et al. 2021	[183]
	P. ovale sp.	PCR	0.4% (2/534) febrile patients	Leski et al. 2020	[118]
Solomon Islands	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR		Echeverry et al. 2016; Echeverry et al. 2017	[202, 203]
	P. ovale sp.	PCR	0.05% (1/1914)	Russell et al. 2021	[204]
Somalia	P. ovale sp.		Imported to USA (military)	CDC 1993	[205]
South Africa	P. ovale sp.	PCR	Imported to China	Cao et al. 2016	[90]
South Sudan	P. ovale sp.	Microscopy	Bor; 1.2% of 392	Omer et al. 1978	[121]
Sri Lanka	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	1 isolate in meta-analysis; Sri Lanka malariafree since 2016	Bauffe et al. 2012	[164]
Sudan	P. ovale sp.	Microscopy	New Halfa, 2% of 190 malaria positives	Himeidan et al. 2005	[206]
	P. ovale sp.	Microscopy	Khartoum; 0.32% of 3791 participants	El Sayed et al. 2000	[207]
	P. ovale sp.	PCR	Imported to China	Cao et al. 2016	[90]
Tanzania	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: GU723515	Sutherland et al. 2010	[159]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	1 isolate	Calderaro et al. 2013	[208]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	2 cases, Imported to France	Joste et al. 2021	[183]
	P. ovale sp.	PCR	Zanzibar; 16.2% (30/185) malaria PCR positives; 10 mono + 20 mixed infections	Cook et al. 2015	[209]
Thailand	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: KC137349; KF018432	Putaporntip et al. 2013; Tanomsing et al. 2013	[210, 211]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: GQ231519; KC137344; KF018430	Sutherland et al. 2010; Putaporntip et al. 2013; Tanomsing et al. 2013	[159, 210, 211]
	P. ovale sp.	PCR	0.3% (4/1347) asymptomatic participants; 4 mixed infections	Baum et al. 2016	[212]
Togo	P. ovale sp.		2.8%	Gbary et al. 1988	[213]
	P. ovale sp.		2% of malaria positives	MSPS 2017	[214]
	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	12 cases, Imported to France	Joste et al. 2021	[183]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	14 cases, Imported to France	Joste et al. 2021	[183]
Uganda	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: GU723521	Sutherland et al. 2010	[159]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: GU723573; KP050464	Chavatte et al. 2015; Sutherland et al. 2010	[159, 170]
	P. ovale curtisi	PCR	Apac District; Buliisa District; Mayuge District	Oguike et al. 2011	[175]
	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	Apac District; Buliisa District; Mayuge District	Oguike et al. 2011	[175]
	P. ovale sp.	PCR	0–6.7% of all malaria; 0–4.3% of population	Oguike et al. 2011	[175]
	P. ovale sp.	PCR	Imported to China	Cao et al. 2016	[90]
Vietnam	P. ovale curtisi	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: GU723523	Sutherland et al. 2010	[159]
	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: AF387041	Unpublished	–
	P. ovale sp.	PCR	0.8% (19/2303) of population	Nguyen et al. 2012	[137]
Yemen	P. ovale sp.	Microscopy	1 symptomatic case, Beni-Hussan village	Al-Maktari and Bassiouny 1999	[215]
Zambia	P. ovale wallikeri	PCR	1 case	Nolder et al. 2013	[168]
	P. ovale wallikeri	LAMP	eastern Zambia	Hayashida et al. 2017	[216]
	P. ovale curtisi	LAMP	eastern Zambia	Hayashida et al. 2017	[216]
	P. ovale sp.	LAMP	10.6% in asymptomatic participants	Hayashida et al. 2017	[216]
	P. ovale sp.	PCR	Western province (cross-sectional survey); 12.4% (32/259); 6 mono + 26 mixed	Sitali et al. 2019	[141]
Zimbabwe	P. ovale wallikeri	Sequence	GenBank: e.g.: FJ409570	Duval et al. 2009	[163]
	P. ovale sp.		< 2% of malaria positives	Taylor 1985	[217]

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