Table 3 Descriptive statistics for the combined dataset (N = 85,263)

Proxies for HAP exposure levels

 Cooking fuel

  Electricity

247 (0.5%)

47 (0.2%)

196 (0.6%)

22 (0.2%)

  LPG

2404 (4.9%)

295 (1.1%)

1287 (3.7%)

98 (0.7%)

  Natural gas

305 (0.6%)

9 (0.0%)

201 (0.6%)

7 (0.1%)

  Biogas

38 (0.1%)

8 (0.0%)

16 (0.0%)

7 (0.0%)

  Kerosene

1256 (2.6%)

220 (0.9%)

927 (2.7%)

107 (0.8%)

  Coal, lignite

155 (0.3%)

42 (0.2%)

103 (0.3%)

24 (0.2%)

  Charcoal

10,043 (20.7%)

2297 (8.9%)

6368 (18.3%)

1500 (11.0%)

  Wood

33,799 (69.5%)

22,397 (87.0%)

25,288 (72.8%)

11,602 (84.8%)

  Other biomass

370 (0.8%)

417 (1.6%)

358 (1.0%)

307 (2.2%)

  No food cooked in house

15 (0.0%)

8 (0.0%)

7 (0.0%)

2 (0.0%)

  Missing

68

22

50

13

 Cooking location

  In the house

7108 (29.0%)

4129 (29.1%)

6326 (31.2%)

2830 (32.2%)

  In a separate building

9170 (37.5%)

5068 (35.7%)

6468 (31.9%)

2627 (29.9%)

  Outdoors

8196 (33.5%)

4994 (35.2%)

7482 (36.9%)

3321 (37.8%)

  Missing

24,226

11,571

14,526

4911

Contextual and contextual variables

 Place of residence

  Urban

17,582 (36.1%)

4683 (18.2%)

11,635 (33.4%)

2669 (19.5%)

 Season

  Dry

25,169 (51.7%)

11,776 (45.7%)

20,750 (59.6%)

6583 (48.1%)

 Malarial endemicity

  Mesoendemic

42,772 (87.8%)

19,018 (73.8%)

29,351 (84.3%)

9457 (69.1%)

  Hyperendemic

5729 (11.8%)

6286 (24.4%)

5116 (14.7%)

3971 (29.0%)

  Holoendemic

198 (0.4%)

457 (1.8%)

335 (1.0%)

261 (1.9%)

 Cluster altitude

  Median IQR

294 (85, 596)

321 (156, 590)

322 (149, 764)

324 (149, 588)

 Household level variables

 Modified Wealth Index

  Lowest

8669 (17.8%)

7714 (29.9%)

6633 (19.1%)

3976 (29.0%)

  Low

9618 (19.7%)

7306 (28.4%)

6925 (19.9%)

3722 (27.2%)

  Middle

9919 (20.4%)

5698 (22.1%)

6949 (20.0%)

2908 (21.2%)

  High

10,886 (22.4%)

3802 (14.8%)

7724 (22.2%)

2225 (16.3%)

  Highest

9608 (19.7%)

1241 (4.8%)

6569 (18.9%)

859 (6.3%)

 Household smoking

  No

20,049 (81.6%)

10,852 (76.1%)

16,195 (79.5%)

6631 (75.1%)

  Missing

24,119

11,497

14,430

4860

 Number of household members

  ≤ 6

26,538 (54.6%)

13,007 (50.6%)

18,579 (53.5%)

6631 (48.5%)

  Missing

68

44

51

31

 Household insecticide spraying within last 12 months

  No

18,189 (91.1%)

13,044 (94.9%)

17,582 (93.3%)

8527 (95.6%)

  Yes

1779 (8.9%)

703 (5.1%)

1260 (6.7%)

394 (4.4%)

  Missing

28,731

12,014

15,960

4768

 House construction

  Traditional

28,361 (58.2%)

19,352 (75.1%)

20,902 (60.1%)

10,056 (73.5%)

  Modern

20,338 (41.8%)

6410 (24.9%)

13,900 (39.9%)

3634 (26.5%)

Child level variables

 Child’s age (years)

  < 1

7643 (15.7%)

2282 (8.9%)

5319 (15.3%)

1272 (9.3%)

  1

10,335 (21.2%)

4404 (17.1%)

7359 (21.1%)

2186 (16.0%)

  2

11,266 (23.1%)

6328 (24.6%)

8127 (23.4%)

3239 (23.7%)

  3

10,254 (21.1%)

6497 (25.2%)

7425 (21.3%)

3568 (26.1%)

  4

9201 (18.9%)

6251 (24.3%)

6572 (18.9%)

3424 (25.0%)

 Birth order

  First born

14,376 (33.7%)

5338 (24.5%)

9392 (30.8%)

2553 (22.1%)

  Missing

6102

3993

4306

2164

 Child’s gender

  Male

24,535 (50.4%)

13,112 (50.9%)

17,489 (50.3%)

6971 (50.9%)

 Child slept under slept under mosquito net last night

  Did not sleep under a net

20,615 (42.3%)

12,078 (46.9%)

15,858 (45.6%)

6942 (50.7%)

  Only treated (ITN) nets

26,991 (55.4%)

13,204 (51.3%)

18,320 (52.6%)

6525 (47.7%)

  Only untreated nets

1093 (2.2%)

480 (1.9%)

624 (1.8%)

222 (1.6%)