Fig. 1
From: Malaria mosquitoes acquire and allocate cattle urine to enhance life history traits
Cattle urine and urea imbibed by host-seeking and blood-fed female Anopheles arabiensis. Female mosquitoes were provided with diets consisting of fresh and aged cattle urine, various concentrations of urea, sucrose (10%) and distilled water (H2O) in a feeding assay (A). Host-seeking (B) and blood-fed (C) females imbibed larger volumes of sucrose than any of the other diets tested. Note that host-seeking females imbibed less 72 h aged cattle urine than 168 h aged cattle urine (B). The average total nitrogen content of the urine (± standard deviation) is represented in the inset. Urea was imbibed by host-seeking (D, F) and blood-fed (E, G) females in a dose-dependent manner. The mean volume imbibed (D, E) with different letter designations are significantly different from one another (one-way analysis of variance with a Tukey’s post hoc analysis; p < 0.05). Error bars represent the standard error of the mean (B–E). The straight dotted lines represent the log-linear regression lines (F, G)