Fig. 2

Survival of host-seeking and blood-fed female Anopheles arabiensis fed on cattle urine and urea. Female mosquitoes were provided with diets consisting of fresh and aged cattle urine, various concentrations of urea, sucrose (10%) and distilled water (H₂O) in a bioassay (A). The survival of individual host-seeking (B, C) and blood-fed (D, E) mosquitoes was recorded every 12 h, until all females fed on urine (B, D) and urea (C, E), as well as the controls, sucrose and water, had died