Fig. 3

Flight performance of host-seeking and blood-fed female Anopheles arabiensis fed on cattle urine and urea. Female mosquitoes fed on diets consisting of fresh and aged cattle urine, various concentrations of urea, sucrose (10%) and distilled water (H₂O) were tethered to a horizontal, free-spinning arm in a flight mill assay (top). The overall distance and number of bouts flown per hour over 24 h (scotophase: grey; photophase: white) were recorded for each diet for both host-seeking (left) and blood-fed (right) females. The average distance and average number of bouts are shown to the right of the diurnal activity plots. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean. See the main text for statistical analysis