Fig. 5
From: Malaria mosquitoes acquire and allocate cattle urine to enhance life history traits
Behavioural response of host-seeking and blood-fed Anopheles arabiensis to natural and synthetic cattle urine odour. Diagram of the glass tube olfactometer (A). Attraction to the headspace volatile extracts of fresh and aged cattle urine of host-seeking (B) and blood-fed (C) mosquitoes. The antennal responses of host-seeking An. arabiensis to fractioned headspace extracts from fresh (D), 24 h (E), 72 h (F) and 168 h (G) aged cattle urine are shown. Electroantennographic detection (EAD) traces show voltage changes in response to the bioactive compounds in the headspace eluting from the gas chromatograph and detected by the flame ionization detector (FID). Scale bar indicates the amplitude of response (mV) versus the retention time (s). The identity and release rate (µg h−1) of the bioactive compounds are indicated. A single asterisk (*) indicates consistent low amplitude responses. Double asterisks (**) indicate irreproducible responses. Host-seeking (H) and blood-fed (I) An. arabiensis are differentially attracted to the synthetic blends of fresh and aged cattle urine odour. The mean proportion of mosquitoes attracted with different letter designations are significantly different from one another (one-way analysis of variance with a Tukey’s post hoc analysis; p < 0.05). Error bars indicate the standard error of the proportion