Fig. 4From: How has mass drug administration with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine impacted molecular markers of drug resistance? A systematic reviewA diagram showing the global frequencies of mutations in the pfmdr1, pfcrt and pfexo genes, which are potential markers of DHA-PPQ resistance. These frequencies were calculated using whole genome sequence data from recent studies [44,45,46]. n is the number of samples containing a mutant allele, and N is the total number of successfully sequenced samples. Total sample size = 4001Back to article page