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Table 35 Key to the Haemoproteus species of Passeriformes birds (suborder Passeri) of the families Emberizidae, Icteridae, Parulidae, Passerellidae and Thraupidae

From: Keys to the avian Haemoproteus parasites (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae)

Step

Features and species

1 (5)

The nuclei assume predominantly subterminal or terminal position in fully grown macrogametocytes (Fig. 36a, b, d). Dumbbell-shaped growing gametocytes (Fig. 36a, d) are common

2 (6)

Advanced dumbbell-shaped gametocytes, which do not touch envelope of erythrocytes along their entire margin (Fig. 36d), are absent. Advanced dumbbell-shaped gametocytes adhere to the envelope of erythrocytes by their ends (Fig. 36a). Dumbbell-shaped microgametocytes are common

3 (4)

Advanced and fully grown gametocytes markedly deform infected erythrocytes by causing balloon-like protrusions which are located in the non-invaded cytoplasmic region of the erythrocytes (Fig. 36a); as a result of this deformation, the infected erythrocytes assume a ‘gravid’ shape (Fig. 36a)

 

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H. erythrogravidus (Fig. 36a) [182]

4 (3)

Advanced and fully grown gametocytes do not deform infected erythrocytes by causing balloon-like protrusions which are located in the non-invaded cytoplasmic region of the erythrocytes (Fig. 36a). Infected erythrocytes do not assume a ‘gravid’ shape (Fig. 36b)

 

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Group of H. coatneyi a (Fig. 36b) [3, 62, 182]

5 (1)

The nuclei assume predominantly median position in fully grown macrogametocytes (Fig. 36c). Dumbbell-shaped growing gametocytes (Fig. 36a, d) are absent

 

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H. nucleocentralis (Fig. 36c) [183]

6 (2)

Advanced dumbbell-shaped macrogametocytes, which do not touch envelope of erythrocytes along their entire margin (Fig. 36d), are present. Dumbbell-shaped microgametocytes are absent or develop only occasionally

 

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H. quiscalus (Fig. 36d) [3, 59]

  1. aBased on the available information [3, 184] and examination of the type and voucher preparations, gametocytes of H. coereba, H. paruli and H. thraupi are morphologically similar to H. coatneyi. Judging by the scattered distribution of H. coatneyi in phylogenetic trees, this morphospecies might be a complex of several cryptic species [3, 62, 182]. Gametocytes of these four parasites are similar morphologically, indicating possible existence of cryptic speciation, however, more detail analysis of their blood stages in type vertebrate hosts is preferable for confirmation of their taxonomic status. The examination of type material showed that the available specimens are insufficient to answer this question; additional samples with single infections of H. coereba, H. paruli, H. thraupi and H. coatneyi from their type vertebrate hosts are needed to solve this taxonomical uncertainty. This is an important question due to broad distribution of parasites of H. coatneyi group in American birds. Molecular characterizations of H. paruli (GenBanc accession AF465563, lineage TABI02 in MalAvi database) and H. thraupi (AF465583, PIOLI01) were not supported by gametocyte morphological data [185]. Furthermore, DNA sequences were obtained from non-type avian hosts, so the available barcodes of these two parasites remain questionable and need support by investigation of these pathogens in their type vertebrate hosts