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Table 1 Characteristics of the analyzed mother-newborn pair

From: The choice of reference chart affects the strength of the association between malaria in pregnancy and small for gestational age: an individual participant data meta-analysis comparing the Intergrowth-21 with a Tanzanian birthweight chart

 

Luntamo et al. [46]

Schmiegelow et al. [28]

Madanitsa et al. [39]

Ashorn et al. [38]

Divala et al. [42]

Moeller et al. [45]

Gutman et al. Unpublished

All

Maternala

Study period

2003–2006

2008–2010

2011–2013

2011–2012

2012–2014

2014–2016

2017–2018

2003–2018

Sample size

1,173

752

1,607

1,109

747

375

473

6,236

Study design

RCT

Prospective cohort

RCT

RCT

RCT

Prospective cohort

RCT

–

Study location

Malawi

Tanzania

Malawi

Malawi

Malawi

Tanzania

Malawi

Tanzania & Malawi

Inclusion criteria

No severe illness, 14–26 weeks

All Consenting women ≤ 24 weeks

HIV neg, Hb > 7 g/dl, no risk factor, 16–28 weeks

 ≥ 15yrs, no risk factor, 14–20 weeks

HIV negative, paucigravidae, 15–28 weeks

All Consenting women, 4–28 weeks

 ≥ 16yrs, HIV negative, no risk factor, ≤ 28 weeks

–

GA estimation method

Transabdominal ultrasound (CRL or HC)

Transabdominal ultrasound (CRL or HC)

Transabdominal ultrasound (HC)

Transabdominal ultrasound (BPD, AC, FL)

Transabdominal ultrasound (HC)

Transabdominal ultrasound (CRL or HC)

Transabdominal ultrasound (HC)

–

GA at entry (wks)

20 (18–23)

19 (15–21)

21 (19–23)

17 (15–19)

21 (22–24)

10 (7–13)

20 (18–22)

17 (19–22)

Trimester at enrolment

First (≤ 13 weeks)

0 (0.0%)

85 (11.3%)

0 (0.0%)

30 (2.7%)

0 (0.0%)

284 (75.7%)

0 (0.0%)

399 (6.4%)

Early second (14-21 weeks)

815 (69.5%)

554 (73.7%)

1,064 (66.2%)

1,079 (97.3%)

386 (51.3%)

81 (21.6%)

329 (70.0%)

4,251 (68.2%)

Late second (22-27 weeks)

358 (30.5%)

113 (15.0%)

444 (27.2%)

0 (0.0%)

329 (44.0%)

8 (2.1%)

127 (26.4%)

1,433 (23.0%)

Third (≥ 28 weeks)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

99 (6.2%)

0 (0.0%)

35 (4.7%)

2 (0.5%)

17 (3.4%)

153 (2.5%)

Follow up schedule

Four-weekly intervals until 36 weeks and weekly thereafter

Enrolment, at week 26–28, 30–32, 36–38, sick and delivery visits

Every four to six weeks until sick and delivery visits

Enrolment, at week 32, 36 and delivery

At least once every four weeks until delivery

Enrolment, at week 11–14, 20–22, 26–28, 32–34, 37–39, sick and delivery visits

Four weekly until delivery and sick visit

–

Type of weighing scale

Spring scale ((Super Samson, Salter Brecknell, 50 g) or digital (SECA 834, Chasmors Ltd, 10 g)

Digital scale (ADE, 10 g) or Fazzini spring (50 g) on few

Not specified

SECA 381 baby scale, Seca GmbH & Co)

Not specified

Digital scale (precision, 5–10 g; M107600, ADE)

Digital scale

–

Adjusted BW > 24 h after birth

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

76 (4.7%)

338 (30.5%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

414 (6.6%)

Type of malaria test

Microscopy or PCR

Microscopy or mRDT (Parascreen, Paracheck or ParaHIT) PCR on all mRDT positive

Microscopy or mRDT(First Response Malaria pLDH/HRP2 Combo Test), PCR and placental histology

mRDT (Clearview Malaria Combo; British Biocell International Ltd)

PCR

Microscopy, mRDT(ParaHIT or CareStart) and PCRb

Microscopy, mRDT (Paracheck) and PCR

–

Age (years)

24 (20–29)

26 (22–31)

21 (18–26)

25 (20–29)

21 (19–23)

27 (22–34)

23 (19–29)

23 (19–28)

MUAC (cm)c

25.2 (± 2.1)

26.1 (± 2.9)

ND

26.3 (± 2.5)

ND

28.2 (± 3.8)

26.3 (± 3.2)

26.1 (± 2.8)

Weight (Kg) c

52.4 (6.3)

55.0 (± 10.2)

55.2 (± 5.4)

54.1 (± 8.0)

58.9 (± 8.1)

57.5 (± 11.6)

58.5 (± 10.0)

55.9 (± 8.5)

Height (cm) c

155.0 (± 5.5)

157.5 (± 5.8)

154.0 (± 5.0)

156.1 (± 5.6)

157.3 (± 5.7)

155.4 (± 5.8)

157.3 (± 6.2)

156.0 (± 5.7)

BMI (kg/m2)c

21.8 (± 2.2)

22.2 (± 3.6)

23.3 (± 2.9)

22.0 (± 2.7)

23.8 (± 3.0)

23.7 (± 4.2)

23.7 (± 4.1)

22.8 (± 3.2)

Gravidity:

Paucigravidae

477 (40.7%)

345 (45.9%)

993 (61.9%)

431 (38.9%)

746 (100.0)

106 (28.3%)

266 (56.5%)

3,364 (54.0%)

Multigravidae

696 (59.3%)

407 (54.1%)

612 (38.1%)

676 (61.1%)

0 (0.0)

269 (71.7%)

205 (43.5%)

2,865 (45.9%)

HIV status:

Positive

144 (12.3%)

39 (5.2%)

NA

147 (13.3%)

NA

10 (2.7%)

NA

340/3,409 (9.9%)

Negative

913 (77.8%)

656 (87.2%)

NA

952 (85.8%)

NA

357 (95.2%)

NA

2,878/3,409(84.4%)

Missing

116 (9.9%)

57 (7.6%)

NA

10 (0.9%)

NA

8 (2.1%)

NA

191/3,409 (2.7%)

Syphilis positive

58 (5.0%)

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

2 (0.4%)

60 (3.9%)

ITN use

839 (71.5%)

714 (95.0%)

1,605 (99.9%)

1,087 (98.4%)

565 (75.6%)

353 (94.1%)

223 (47.2%)

5,841 (86.1)

# ANC visits

NA

4 (4–5)

4 (3–4)

4 (3–5)

ND

7 (6–9)

4 (4–5)

4 (3–5)

# of IPTp doses

4 (2–4)

2 (2–2)

2 (1–4)

ND

ND

3 (2–4)

ND

2 (2–4)

Iron use

ND

698 (92.6%)

1,802 (99.0%)

ND

ND

370 (98.7%)

ND

2,903 (82.8%)

Ever anaemic

449 (38.3%)

458 (60.9%)

451 (28.1%)

312 (28.1%)

169 (23.5%)

161 (42.9%)

146 (30.9%)

2,146 (34.6%)

Hb (g/dl)c

Enrolment

11.0 (1.9)

10.9 (1.7)

11.0 (1.5)

11.2 (1.6)

11.7 (1.3)

11.6 (1.4)

10.7(1.3)

11.1 (1.5)

Delivery

11.3 (1.8)

10.7 (1.4)

11.8 (1.6)

ND

ND

11.2 (1.5)

11.8 (1.5)

11.4 (1.4)

Overall malaria positivity in pregnancy

168 (14.3%)

52 (6.9%)

1,214 (75.5%)

400 (36.1%)

114 (15.3%)

143 (38.1%)

141 (29.8%)

2,232 (35.8%)

Malaria positivity rate by diagnostic test:

mRDT

ND

48/752 (6.4%)

337/1,607 (21.0%)

400/1105(36.1%)

ND

142/375(37.9%)

31/473 (6.6%)

958/4,316(22.2%)

PCR

50/ 456 (11.0%)

ND

1,095/1,600(68.4%)

ND

114/746(15.3%)

125/375(33.1%)

127/473(26.9%)

1,511/ 3,650(41.4%)

Slide

136/1,173 (11.6%)

33/752 (4.4%)

553/1,607(34.4%)

ND

ND

90/375(24.0%)

10/465 (2.1%)

822/ 4,372(18.8%)

Placenta histology

ND

ND

400/1,607(24.9%)

ND

ND

ND

ND

400/1607(24.9%)

Newborna

GA del, wks

39 (38–40)

40 (39–41)

38 (37–40)

40 (39–41)

39 (38–40)

40 (39–41)

39 (37–40)

39 (38–40)

Preterm

113 (9.6%)

23 (3.1%)

259 (16.1%)

56 (5.1%)

75 (10.1%)

17 (4.5%)

67 (14.2%)

616 (9.9%)

Sex = Male

594 (50.6%)

372 (49.2%)

846 (50.2%)

609(48.8%)

369(48.6%)

184(49.1%)

267 (54.1%)

3,093 (49.6%)

BW (gm)c

2,967 (± 462)

3,154 (± 472)

2,936 (± 428)

2,981(± 453)

2,910 (± 393)

3,022 (± 461)

2,988 (± 410)

2,980 (± 451)

LBW

109 (9.3%)

47 (6.3%)

173 (10.8%)

140 (12.6%)

91 (12.2%)

39 (10.4%)

40 (8.5%)

639 (10.3%)

SGASTOPPAM:

Malaria

35/168(20.8%)

11/52(21.1%)

176/1,214(14.5%)

88/400(22.0%)

17/114(14.9%)

29/143(20.3%)

20/141(14.2%)

376/2,232(16.8%)

No malaria

150/1,005(14.9%)

67/700(9.6%)

43/393(10.9%)

104/709(14.7%)

90/632(14.2%)

40/232(17.2%)

16/332(4.5%)

510/4,003(12.8%)

Overall

185/1,173(15.8%)

78/752 (10.4%)

219/1,607 (13.6%)

192/1,109(17.3%)

107/747(14.5%)

69/375 (18.4)

36/473 (7.6%)

886/6,235 (14.2)

SGAIG21:

Malaria

35/168 (20.8%)

15/52(28.2%)

187/1,214(15.4%)

113/400(28.3%)

19/114(16.7%)

40/143(28.0%)

24/141(17.0%)

433/2,232(19.4%)

No malaria

177/1,005(17.6%)

114/700(16.3%)

46/393(11.7%)

146/709(20.6%)

120/632(19.0%)

59/232(25.4%)

28/332(8.0%)

690/4,003(17.2%)

Overall

212/1,173(18.2%)

129.752 (17.2%)

233/1,607 (14.5%)

259/1,109(23.4)

140/747(18.7%)

99/375(26.4%)

52/473(11.0%)

1,123/6,235(18.0%)

  1. RCT: randomized controlled trial, CRL: crown rump length, HC: head circumference, AC: abdominal circumference, FL: femur length, ND not done, NA not applicable, MUAC: mid upper arm circumference, BMI: body mass index, HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus, ITN: treated bed nets, ANC: antenatal care, IPTp: intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy, Hb: hemoglobin, GA: gestational age, preterm: GA < 37 weeks, BW birthweight, LBW: BW < 2.5 kg, SGASTOPPAM: small for gestational age using STOPPAM reference, SGAIG21: SGA using Intergrowth-21 reference, total is < 100% in case of missing data
  2. aAll results are number (%) or median (Interquartile range) unless stated otherwise
  3. bMalaria species diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also done for all mRDT-positive samples and samples for those who were always mRDT negative collected at GA 26–28 weeks or at delivery
  4. cmean (standard deviation)