| Luntamo et al. [46] | Schmiegelow et al. [28] | Madanitsa et al. [39] | Ashorn et al. [38] | Divala et al. [42] | Moeller et al. [45] | Gutman et al. Unpublished | All | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternala | |||||||||||
Study period | 2003–2006 | 2008–2010 | 2011–2013 | 2011–2012 | 2012–2014 | 2014–2016 | 2017–2018 | 2003–2018 | |||
Sample size | 1,173 | 752 | 1,607 | 1,109 | 747 | 375 | 473 | 6,236 | |||
Study design | RCT | Prospective cohort | RCT | RCT | RCT | Prospective cohort | RCT | – | |||
Study location | Malawi | Tanzania | Malawi | Malawi | Malawi | Tanzania | Malawi | Tanzania & Malawi | |||
Inclusion criteria | No severe illness, 14–26 weeks | All Consenting women ≤ 24 weeks | HIV neg, Hb > 7 g/dl, no risk factor, 16–28 weeks |  ≥ 15yrs, no risk factor, 14–20 weeks | HIV negative, paucigravidae, 15–28 weeks | All Consenting women, 4–28 weeks |  ≥ 16yrs, HIV negative, no risk factor, ≤ 28 weeks | – | |||
GA estimation method | Transabdominal ultrasound (CRL or HC) | Transabdominal ultrasound (CRL or HC) | Transabdominal ultrasound (HC) | Transabdominal ultrasound (BPD, AC, FL) | Transabdominal ultrasound (HC) | Transabdominal ultrasound (CRL or HC) | Transabdominal ultrasound (HC) | – | |||
GA at entry (wks) | 20 (18–23) | 19 (15–21) | 21 (19–23) | 17 (15–19) | 21 (22–24) | 10 (7–13) | 20 (18–22) | 17 (19–22) | |||
Trimester at enrolment | |||||||||||
First (≤ 13 weeks) | 0 (0.0%) | 85 (11.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 30 (2.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 284 (75.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 399 (6.4%) | |||
Early second (14-21Â weeks) | 815 (69.5%) | 554 (73.7%) | 1,064 (66.2%) | 1,079 (97.3%) | 386 (51.3%) | 81 (21.6%) | 329 (70.0%) | 4,251 (68.2%) | |||
Late second (22-27Â weeks) | 358 (30.5%) | 113 (15.0%) | 444 (27.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 329 (44.0%) | 8 (2.1%) | 127 (26.4%) | 1,433 (23.0%) | |||
Third (≥ 28 weeks) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 99 (6.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 35 (4.7%) | 2 (0.5%) | 17 (3.4%) | 153 (2.5%) | |||
Follow up schedule | Four-weekly intervals until 36 weeks and weekly thereafter | Enrolment, at week 26–28, 30–32, 36–38, sick and delivery visits | Every four to six weeks until sick and delivery visits | Enrolment, at week 32, 36 and delivery | At least once every four weeks until delivery | Enrolment, at week 11–14, 20–22, 26–28, 32–34, 37–39, sick and delivery visits | Four weekly until delivery and sick visit | – | |||
Type of weighing scale | Spring scale ((Super Samson, Salter Brecknell, 50 g) or digital (SECA 834, Chasmors Ltd, 10 g) | Digital scale (ADE, 10 g) or Fazzini spring (50 g) on few | Not specified | SECA 381 baby scale, Seca GmbH & Co) | Not specified | Digital scale (precision, 5–10 g; M107600, ADE) | Digital scale | – | |||
Adjusted BW > 24 h after birth | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 76 (4.7%) | 338 (30.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 414 (6.6%) | |||
Type of malaria test | Microscopy or PCR | Microscopy or mRDT (Parascreen, Paracheck or ParaHIT) PCR on all mRDT positive | Microscopy or mRDT(First Response Malaria pLDH/HRP2 Combo Test), PCR and placental histology | mRDT (Clearview Malaria Combo; British Biocell International Ltd) | PCR | Microscopy, mRDT(ParaHIT or CareStart) and PCRb | Microscopy, mRDT (Paracheck) and PCR | – | |||
Age (years) | 24 (20–29) | 26 (22–31) | 21 (18–26) | 25 (20–29) | 21 (19–23) | 27 (22–34) | 23 (19–29) | 23 (19–28) | |||
MUAC (cm)c | 25.2 (± 2.1) | 26.1 (± 2.9) | ND | 26.3 (± 2.5) | ND | 28.2 (± 3.8) | 26.3 (± 3.2) | 26.1 (± 2.8) | |||
Weight (Kg) c | 52.4 (6.3) | 55.0 (± 10.2) | 55.2 (± 5.4) | 54.1 (± 8.0) | 58.9 (± 8.1) | 57.5 (± 11.6) | 58.5 (± 10.0) | 55.9 (± 8.5) | |||
Height (cm) c | 155.0 (± 5.5) | 157.5 (± 5.8) | 154.0 (± 5.0) | 156.1 (± 5.6) | 157.3 (± 5.7) | 155.4 (± 5.8) | 157.3 (± 6.2) | 156.0 (± 5.7) | |||
BMI (kg/m2)c | 21.8 (± 2.2) | 22.2 (± 3.6) | 23.3 (± 2.9) | 22.0 (± 2.7) | 23.8 (± 3.0) | 23.7 (± 4.2) | 23.7 (± 4.1) | 22.8 (± 3.2) | |||
Gravidity: | |||||||||||
Paucigravidae | 477 (40.7%) | 345 (45.9%) | 993 (61.9%) | 431 (38.9%) | 746 (100.0) | 106 (28.3%) | 266 (56.5%) | 3,364 (54.0%) | |||
Multigravidae | 696 (59.3%) | 407 (54.1%) | 612 (38.1%) | 676 (61.1%) | 0 (0.0) | 269 (71.7%) | 205 (43.5%) | 2,865 (45.9%) | |||
HIV status: | |||||||||||
Positive | 144 (12.3%) | 39 (5.2%) | NA | 147 (13.3%) | NA | 10 (2.7%) | NA | 340/3,409 (9.9%) | |||
Negative | 913 (77.8%) | 656 (87.2%) | NA | 952 (85.8%) | NA | 357 (95.2%) | NA | 2,878/3,409(84.4%) | |||
Missing | 116 (9.9%) | 57 (7.6%) | NA | 10 (0.9%) | NA | 8 (2.1%) | NA | 191/3,409 (2.7%) | |||
Syphilis positive | 58 (5.0%) | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2 (0.4%) | 60 (3.9%) | |||
ITN use | 839 (71.5%) | 714 (95.0%) | 1,605 (99.9%) | 1,087 (98.4%) | 565 (75.6%) | 353 (94.1%) | 223 (47.2%) | 5,841 (86.1) | |||
# ANC visits | NA | 4 (4–5) | 4 (3–4) | 4 (3–5) | ND | 7 (6–9) | 4 (4–5) | 4 (3–5) | |||
# of IPTp doses | 4 (2–4) | 2 (2–2) | 2 (1–4) | ND | ND | 3 (2–4) | ND | 2 (2–4) | |||
Iron use | ND | 698 (92.6%) | 1,802 (99.0%) | ND | ND | 370 (98.7%) | ND | 2,903 (82.8%) | |||
Ever anaemic | 449 (38.3%) | 458 (60.9%) | 451 (28.1%) | 312 (28.1%) | 169 (23.5%) | 161 (42.9%) | 146 (30.9%) | 2,146 (34.6%) | |||
Hb (g/dl)c | |||||||||||
Enrolment | 11.0 (1.9) | 10.9 (1.7) | 11.0 (1.5) | 11.2 (1.6) | 11.7 (1.3) | 11.6 (1.4) | 10.7(1.3) | 11.1 (1.5) | |||
Delivery | 11.3 (1.8) | 10.7 (1.4) | 11.8 (1.6) | ND | ND | 11.2 (1.5) | 11.8 (1.5) | 11.4 (1.4) | |||
Overall malaria positivity in pregnancy | 168 (14.3%) | 52 (6.9%) | 1,214 (75.5%) | 400 (36.1%) | 114 (15.3%) | 143 (38.1%) | 141 (29.8%) | 2,232 (35.8%) | |||
Malaria positivity rate by diagnostic test: | |||||||||||
mRDT | ND | 48/752 (6.4%) | 337/1,607 (21.0%) | 400/1105(36.1%) | ND | 142/375(37.9%) | 31/473 (6.6%) | 958/4,316(22.2%) | |||
PCR | 50/ 456 (11.0%) | ND | 1,095/1,600(68.4%) | ND | 114/746(15.3%) | 125/375(33.1%) | 127/473(26.9%) | 1,511/ 3,650(41.4%) | |||
Slide | 136/1,173 (11.6%) | 33/752 (4.4%) | 553/1,607(34.4%) | ND | ND | 90/375(24.0%) | 10/465 (2.1%) | 822/ 4,372(18.8%) | |||
Placenta histology | ND | ND | 400/1,607(24.9%) | ND | ND | ND | ND | 400/1607(24.9%) | |||
Newborna | |||||||||||
GA del, wks | 39 (38–40) | 40 (39–41) | 38 (37–40) | 40 (39–41) | 39 (38–40) | 40 (39–41) | 39 (37–40) | 39 (38–40) | |||
Preterm | 113 (9.6%) | 23 (3.1%) | 259 (16.1%) | 56 (5.1%) | 75 (10.1%) | 17 (4.5%) | 67 (14.2%) | 616 (9.9%) | |||
Sex = Male | 594 (50.6%) | 372 (49.2%) | 846 (50.2%) | 609(48.8%) | 369(48.6%) | 184(49.1%) | 267 (54.1%) | 3,093 (49.6%) | |||
BW (gm)c | 2,967 (± 462) | 3,154 (± 472) | 2,936 (± 428) | 2,981(± 453) | 2,910 (± 393) | 3,022 (± 461) | 2,988 (± 410) | 2,980 (± 451) | |||
LBW | 109 (9.3%) | 47 (6.3%) | 173 (10.8%) | 140 (12.6%) | 91 (12.2%) | 39 (10.4%) | 40 (8.5%) | 639 (10.3%) | |||
SGASTOPPAM: | |||||||||||
Malaria | 35/168(20.8%) | 11/52(21.1%) | 176/1,214(14.5%) | 88/400(22.0%) | 17/114(14.9%) | 29/143(20.3%) | 20/141(14.2%) | 376/2,232(16.8%) | |||
No malaria | 150/1,005(14.9%) | 67/700(9.6%) | 43/393(10.9%) | 104/709(14.7%) | 90/632(14.2%) | 40/232(17.2%) | 16/332(4.5%) | 510/4,003(12.8%) | |||
Overall | 185/1,173(15.8%) | 78/752 (10.4%) | 219/1,607 (13.6%) | 192/1,109(17.3%) | 107/747(14.5%) | 69/375 (18.4) | 36/473 (7.6%) | 886/6,235 (14.2) | |||
SGAIG21: | |||||||||||
Malaria | 35/168 (20.8%) | 15/52(28.2%) | 187/1,214(15.4%) | 113/400(28.3%) | 19/114(16.7%) | 40/143(28.0%) | 24/141(17.0%) | 433/2,232(19.4%) | |||
No malaria | 177/1,005(17.6%) | 114/700(16.3%) | 46/393(11.7%) | 146/709(20.6%) | 120/632(19.0%) | 59/232(25.4%) | 28/332(8.0%) | 690/4,003(17.2%) | |||
Overall | 212/1,173(18.2%) | 129.752 (17.2%) | 233/1,607 (14.5%) | 259/1,109(23.4) | 140/747(18.7%) | 99/375(26.4%) | 52/473(11.0%) | 1,123/6,235(18.0%) |