Table 1 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors associated with malaria prevalence among febrile patients attending selected health centres

Socio-demographic variables

 Gender

  Male

95 (29)

233 (71)

328 (61.8)

1.89 (1.23–2.91)

0.004*

57.5 (1.75–1888.3)

0.023*

  Female

36 (17.7)

167 (82.3)

203 (38.2)

1

–

1

–

 Age in years

   < 5

6 (20.7)

23 (79.3)

29 (5.5)

1.13 (0.39–3.26)

0.821

–

–

  5–19

50 (28.9)

123 (71.1)

173 (32.6)

1.76 (0.92–3.74)

0.088

–

–

  20–44

60 (24.1)

189 (75.9)

249 (46.9)

1.38 (0.73–2.5)

0.323

–

–

   > 44

15 (19)

65 (81)

80 (15.1)

1

–

–

–-

 Marital status

  Single

65 (25.9)

186 (74.1)

251 (47.3)

1

–

–

–

  Married

63 (23.7)

203 (76.3)

266 (50)

0.89 (0.60–1.32)

0.560

–

–

  Divorced

1 (11.1)

8 (88.9)

9 (1.7)

0.36 (0.04–2.92)

0.337

–

–

  Widowed

2 (40)

3 (60)

5 (1)

1.91(0.31–11.67)

0.485

–

–

 Residence

  Town

19 (15)

108 (85)

127 (23.9)

1

–

–

–

  Rural

112 (27.7)

292 (72.3)

404 (76.1)

2.18 (1.28–3.72)

0.004*

–

–

 Occupation

  Government

7 (18.9)

30 (81.1)

37 (7)

1

–

–

–

  Private

8 (27.6)

21 (72.4)

29 (5.5)

1.63 (0.51–5.19)

0.407

–

–

  Merchant

3 (14.3)

18 (85.7)

21 (4)

0.71 (0.16–3.12)

0.654

–

–

  Labourer

2 (18.2)

9 (81.8)

11 (2.1)

0.95 (0.17–5.42)

0.956

–-

–

  Farmer

55 (27.4)

146 (72.6)

201 (37.8)

1.61 (0.67–3.89)

0.286

–

–

  Student

42 (25.9)

120 (74.1)

162 (30.5)

1.50 (0.61–3.67)

0.374

–

–

  Housewife

14 (20)

56 (80)

70 (13.2)

1.07 (0.39–2.94)

0.893

–

–

 Educational level

  College and above

8 (17)

39 (83)

47 (8.8)

1

–

1

–

  Secondary (9–12)

13 (21.7)

47 (78.3)

60 (11.3)

1.35 (0.51–3.58

0.549

–

–

  Elementary (1–8)

42 (27.3)

112 (72.7)

154 (29)

1.83 (0.79–4.23)

0.159

0.00 (0.00–0.35)

0.025*

  Pre-school(Kg1-3)

1 (25)

3 (75)

4 (0.7)

1.62(0.15–17.69)

0.690

–

–

  Read and write

19 (22.3)

66 (77.7)

85 (16)

1.40 (0.56–3.51)

0.468

–

–

  Illiterate

48 (26.5)

133 (73.5)

181 (34.1)

1.76 (0.77–4.03)

0.182

–

–

 Family monthly income (ETB)

   < 2280

17 (15)

96 (85)

113 (21.3)

0.38 (0.30–1.54)

0.353

–

–

  2280–3040

74 (27.8)

192 (72.2)

266 (50.1)

1.48 (0.74–2.94)

0.267

–

–

  3040–4560

28 (29.8)

66 (70.2)

94 (17.7)

1.63 (0.75–3.57)

0.218

–

–

   > 4560

12 (20.7)

46 (79.3)

58 (10.9)

1

–

–

–

Name of health centres

 Health centres

  Kunzila

7 (10.4)

60 (89.6)

67 (12.6)

0.35 (0.13–0.92)

0.033*

–

–

  Dek

9 (13.6)

57 (86.4)

66 (12.4)

0.47 (0.19–1.17)

0.105

–

–

  Zegie

12 (17.6)

56 (82.4)

68 (12.8)

0.64 (0.28–1.49)

0.304

–

–

  Shum Abo

10 (14.4)

58 (85.3)

68 (12.8)

0.52 (0.21–1.24)

0.141

–

–

  Robit

23 (34.8)

43 (65.2)

66 (12.4)

1.61 (0.75–3.43)

0.222

–

–

  Kidiste Hana

34 (51.5)

32 (48.5)

66 (12.4)

3.19 (1.52–6.71

0.002*

–

–

  Gorgora

20 (30.3)

46 (69.7)

66 (12.4)

1.30 (0.60–2.82)

0.500

–

–

  Wusha Tirs

16 (25)

48 (75)

64 (12.1)

1

–

–

–

Months of the study

 Months

  March

7 (14)

43 (86)

50 (9.4)

1

–

1

–

  November

17 (30.3)

39 (69.7)

56 (10.5)

2.68 (1.00–7.14)

0.049*

–

–

  December

14 (27.4)

37 (72.6)

51 (9.6)

2.32 (0.85–6.37)

0.101

–

–

  January

11 (20.4)

43 (89.6)

54 (10.2)

1.57 (0.56–4.44)

0.393

–

–

  February

7 (14.3)

42 (85.7)

49 (9.2)

1.02 (0.33–3.17)

0.967

–

–

  October

21 (37.5)

35 (62.5)

56 (10.5)

3.69 (1.41–9.67)

0.008*

104.4 (1.35–8096.7)

0.036*

  April

9 (18.4)

40 (81.6)

49 (9.2)

1.38 (0.47–4.06)

0.556

–

–

  May

15 (27.8)

39 (72.2)

54 (10.2)

2.36 (0.87–6.40)

0.091

–

–

  June

17 (30.3)

39 (69.7)

56 (10.5)

2.68 (1.00–7.14)

0.049*

–

–

  July

13 (23.2)

43 (76.8)

56 (10.5)

1.86 (0.67–5.11)

0.230

–

–

House conditions

 House roof type

  Thatched

1 (33.3)

2 (66.7)

3 (0.6)

1.53(0.14–17.02)

0.729

–

–

  Corrugated iron

130 (24.6)

398 (75.4)

528 (99.4)

1

–

–

–

 House wall types

  Mud plastered

128 (25.1)

382 (74.9)

510 (96)

2.01 (0.44–9.10)

0.365

–

–

  Stone wall

1 (14.3)

6 (85.7)

7 (1.3)

1.00(0.08–13.37)

1.000

–

–

  Brick wall

2 (14.3)

12 (85.7)

14 (2.6)

1

–

–

–

 Eave opening

  Yes

104 (42.1)

143 (57.9)

247 (46.5)

6.92(4.33–11.08)

0.000*

100.4 (5.35–1884.0)

0.002*

  No

27 (9.5)

257 (90.5)

284 (53.5)

1

–

1

–

 Wall opening

  Yes

69 (27.7)

180 (72.3)

249 (46.9)

1.36 (0.92–2.02)

0.127

19.5 (1.13–339.5)

0.041*

  No

62 (22)

220 (78)

282 (53.1)

1

–-

1

–

Malaria prevention practices and behavior

 Use of bed net in home

  Yes

43 (33.1)

87 (66.9)

130 (24.5)

1

–

–

–

  No

88 (21.9)

313 (78.1)

401 (75.5)

3.22 (2.08–4.98)

0.000*

–

–

 Types of bed net

  Impregnated

37 (21)

139 (79)

176 (33.1)

1

–

–

–

  None

31 (29.8)

73 (71.1)

104 (19.6)

1.32 (0.63–2.77)

0.458

–

–

 Family members who use bed net

  Whole family

13 (7.5)

161 (92.5)

174 (32.8)

1

–

1

–

  Few

55 (51.9)

51 (48.1)

106 (20)

14.64(5.74–37.3)

0.000*

489.2 (11.31–21167.5)

0.001*

 Chemical Spray

  Yes

3 (33.3)

6 (66.7)

9 (1.7)

1

–

–

–

  No

128 (24.5)

394 (75.5)

522 (98.3)

0.65 (0.16–2.63)

0.546

–

–

 Outdoor Sleeping

  Yes

43 (33.1)

87 (66.9)

130 (24.5)

1.76 (1.14–2.72)

0.011*

–

–

  No

88 (21.9)

313 (78.1)

401 (75.5)

1

–

–

–

 Outdoor activities

  Yes

82 (28.9)

202 (71.1)

284 (53.5)

1.64 (1.09–2.46)

0.016*

–

–

  No

49 (19.8)

198 (80.2)

247 (45.9)

1

–

–

–

 Cattle in the house

  Yes

63 (34.4)

120 (65.6)

183 (34.5)

2.16 (1.44–3.24)

0.000*

48.0 (1.42–1624.7)

0.031*

  No

68 (19.5)

280 (80.5)

348 (65.5)

1

–

1

–

Mosquito breeding site distance from the house

 Breeding area distance

   < 1 km

63 (42.3)

86 (57.7)

149 (28.1)

6.19 (3.44–11.12)

0.000*

222.9 (2.35–21106.3)

0.020*

  1–2 km

50 (23.6)

162 (76.4)

212 (39.9)

2.61 (1.46–4.67)

0.001*

1

–

   > 2 km

18 (10.6)

152 (89.4)

170 (32)

1

–

–

–

Previous malaria infection and diagnostic methods

 Previous infection

  Yes

41(27.1)

110 (72.9)

151 (28.4)

1.20 (0.78–1.85)

0.403

–

–

  No

90 (23.7)

290 (76.3)

380 (71.6)

1

–

–

–