| No AKI N = 75 | Any AKI N = 134 | All N = 209 | Overall P-value | Bivariate OR (95% CI) p-value | Multivariate Model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||||
Age, mean years (standard deviation (SD)) | 5.3 (2.3) | 4.2 (1.8) | 4.1 (2.1) | 0.010 | 0.76 (0.66–0.88) p = 0.000 | 0.72 (0.62–0.84) p = 0.000 |
 Gender, n (%) Male | 40 (53.3) | 77 (57.5) | 117 (56.0) | 0.56 | 1.18 (0.67–2.09) p = 0.56 |  |
History and clinical features at admission | ||||||
Admission temperature, °C, n (%) |  |  |  | 0.002 |  |  |
Hypothermic, < 36.0 | 6 (8.0) | 2 (1.5) | 8 (3.8) |  | 0.35 (0.06–2.02) p = 0.24 | 0.23 (0.04–1.39) p = 0.11 |
 Normal, 36.0–37.0 | 17 (22.7) | 16 (11.9) | 33 (15.8) |  | – | – |
 Febrile, > 37.0, < 38.5 | 28 (37.3) | 42 (31.3) | 70 (33.4) |  | 1.59 (0.69–3.67) p = 0.27 | 1.83 (0.75–4.50) p = 0.18 |
 Hyperpyrexia, ≥ 38.5 |  24 (32.0) |  74 (55.2) |  98 (46.9) |  | 3.28 (1.44–7.46) p = 0.005 | 3.36 (1.39–8.12) p = 0.007 |
Admission diagnosis, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.31 | Â | Â |
 CNS malaria | 34 (45.3) | 51 (38.1) | 85 (40.7) |  | – |  |
 Cerebral malaria | 41 (54.7) | 83 (61.9) | 124 (59.3) |  | 1.35 (0.76–2.39) p = 0.31 |  |
Developmental delay before illness, n (%) | 4 (5.3) | 7 (5.2) | 11 (5.3) | 0.97 | 0.97 (0.28–3.46) p = 0.97 |  |
Coma duration prior to admission, hrs1, mean (SD) | N = 24 24.2 (18.5) | N = 73 22.1 (17.3) | N = 97 22.6 (17.6) | 0.61 | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) p = 0.61 |  |
History of seizures with this illness prior to enrolment, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.21 | Â | Â |
 None | 8 (10.7) | 27 (20.2) | 35 (16.8) |  | – |  |
 Single and brief | 9 (12.0) | 15 (11.2) | 24 (11.5) |  | 0.49 (0.16–1.55) p = 0.23 | 0.35 (0.10–1.24) p = 0.10 |
 Multiple or prolonged | 58 (77.3) | 92 (68.7) | 150 (71.8) |  | 0.47 (0.20–1.10) p = 0.083 | 0.43 (0.17–1.12) p = 0.084 |
Clinical retinopathy1, n (%) | N = 24 10 (41.6) | N = 73 43 (58.9) | N = 97 53 (54.6) | 0.14 | 1.97 (0.95–4.09) p = 0.07 |  |
Antipyretics prior to enrolment, n (%) | 66 (88.0) | 118 (88.1) | 184 (88.0) | 0.99 | 1.01 (0.42–2.40) p = 0.99 |  |
 Paracetamol as antipyretic, n (%) | N = 66 62 (93.9) | N = 118 112 (94.9) | N = 184 174 (94.5) | 0.78 | 1.20 (0.33–4.43) p = 0.78 |  |
Anticonvulsants prior to enrolment, n (%) | 37 (49.3) | 74 (55.2) | 111 (53.1) | 0.41 | 1.27 (0.72–2.23) p = 0.41 |  |
Outcome, n (%) | N = 75 | N = 134 | N = 209 | 0.12 |  |  |
 Alive and well | 70 (93.3) | 112 (83.6) | 182 (87.1) |  |  |  |
 Alive with neurologic sequelae | 2 (2.7) | 13 (9.7) | 15 (7.2) |  |  |  |
 Died | 3 (4.0) | 9 (6.7) | 12 (5.7) |  |  |  |
Weight for Age, n (%) | N = 71 | N = 133 | N = 204 | 0.44 |  |  |
 Normal | 51 (71.8) | 99 (74.4) | 150 (73.5) |  | – |  |
 Underweight | 17 (23.9) | 24 (18.1) | 41 (20.1) |  | 0.73 (0.36–1.47) p = 0.38 |  |
 Severely underweight | 3 (4.2) | 10 (7.5) | 13 (6.4) |  | 1.72 (0.45–6.52) p = 0.43 |  |
Height for Age, n (%) | N = 54 | N = 118 | N = 172 | 0.65 |  |  |
 Normal | 44 (81.5) | 90 (76.3) | 134 (77.9) |  | – |  |
 Stunted | 7 (13.0) | 22 (18.6) | 29 (16.9) |  | 1.54 (0.61–3.87) p = 0.36 |  |
 Severely stunted | 3 (5.6) | 6 (5.1) | 9 (5.2) |  | 0.98 (0.23–4.09) p = 0.98 |  |
Weight for length, n (%) | N = 26 | N = 90 | N = 116 | 0.13 |  |  |
 Normal | 25 (96.2) | 72 (80.0) | 97 (83.6) |  | – |  |
 Wasting | 1 (3.9) | 11 (12.2) | 12 (10.3) |  | 2.70 (0.46–15.68) p = 0.27 |  |
 Severe wasting | 0 (0.0) | 7 (7.8) | 7 (6.0) |  | 5.26 (0.29–95.70) p = 0.26 |  |
Laboratory findings at admission | ||||||
qPC | N = 74 620 | N = 125 440 | N = 199 480 Range 0–2,806,000 | p = 0.49 | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) p = 0.49 |  |
HRP2 | N = 54 97 | N = 88 183 | N = 199 165 Range 0.22–3305 | p = 0.30 | 1.11 (0.91–1.36) p = 0.29 |  |
Bilirubin on admission, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 0.77 (0.74) | 0.77 (0.70) | 0.77 (0.72) | 0.96 | 0.99 (0.67–1.47) p = 0.96 |  |
Lactate on admission, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 5.1 (4.1) | 4.7 (4.9) | 4.8 (4.8) | 0.45 | 0.98 (0.92–1.03) p = 0.48 |  |
PCV on admission, mean (SD) | 28.4 (6.0) | N = 133 27.7 (7.4) | N = 208 27.97 (6.9) | 0.48 | 0.99 (0.94–1.03) p = 0.48 |  |
HIV status, n (%) | N = 71 | N = 132 | N = 203 | 0.66 |  |  |
 Positive | 3 (4.2) | 4 (3.0) | 7 (3.5) |  | 0.71 (0.15–3.26) p = 0.66 |  |
Admission glucose, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.50 | Â | Â |
 Hypoglycaemia | 4 (5.3) | 4 (3.0) | 8 (3.8) |  | 0.51 (0.12–2.11) p = 0.35 |  |
 Normal | 48 (64.0) | 95 (70.9) | 143 (68.4) |  | – |  |
 Hyperglycaemia | 23 (30.7) | 35 (26.1) | 58 (27.8) |  | 0.77 (0.41–1.44) p = 0.41 |  |