Table 2 Dynamics of P. falciparum molecular marker genes and putative mutations in Indonesia

2002

Lombok [24]

pfcrt

K76N

1 (2.1%)

48

K76T

47 (97.9%)

48

pfmdr1

N86Y

17 (35.4%)

48

2003

Central Java [15]

pfmdr1

N86Y

102 (91.9%)

111

N1042D

5 (4.5%)

111

pfdhps

A437G

39 (35.1%)

111

K540E

29 (26.1%)

111

pfdhfr

S108N, S108T or C59R, A16V

94 (84.7%)

111

2004

North Sumatra [30]

pfcrt

K76T

105 (99.1%)

106

pfmdr1

N86Y

40 (37.7%)

106

N1042D

2 (1.9%)

106

pfdhps

A437G

1 (0.9%)

106

K540E

1 (0.9%)

106

pfdhfr

C59R

57 (53.8%)

106

S108N

87 (82.1%)

106

2005

Lampung [110]

pfcrt

K76T

12 (75%)

16

pfmdr1

N86Y

16 (100%)

16

pfdhps

A437G

5 (31.3%)

16

K540

16 (100%)

16

pfdhfr

C59R

10 (62.5%)

16

S108N/T

13 (81.3%)

16

North Sumatra [110]

pfcrt

K76T

105 (99.1%)

106

pfmdr1

N86Y

40 (37.7%)

106

N1042D

2 (1.9%)

106

pfdhps

A437G

1 (0.9%)

106

K540E

1 (0.9%)

106

pfdhfr

C59R

57 (53.8%)

106

S108N

87 (82.1%)

106

Nias, North Sumatra [110]

pfcrt

K76T

8 (100%)

8

pfmdr1

N86Y

7 (87.5%)

8

1042D

0 (0%)

8

pfdhps

K540E

0 (0%)

8

A437G

0 (0%)

8

pfdhfr

108N/T

5 (62.5%)

8

16V

0 (0%)

8

Kutai, East Kalimantan [110]

pfcrt

K76T

7 (77.8%)

9

pfmdr1

N86Y

7 (87.5%)

8

pfdhps

A437G

2 (22.2%)

9

pfdhfr

108N/T

4 (44.4%)

9

C59R

0 (0%)

9

A16V

0 (0%)

9

Minahasa, North Sulawesi [110]

pfcrt

K76T

12 (48.0%)

25

pfmdr1

1042D

3 (12.0%)

25

N86Y

14 (56.0%)

25

pfdhps

A437G

4 (16.0%)

25

K540E

1 (4.0%)

25

pfdhfr

A16V

0 (0%)

25

C59R

2 (8.0%)

25

A16V

0 (0%)

25

S108N/T

17 (68.0%)

25

Mamuju, West Sulawesi [110]

pfcrt

K76T

10 (76.9%)

13

pfmdr1

N86Y

5 (38.5%)

13

N1042D`

0 (0%)

13

pfdhps

A437G

1 (7.7%)

13

K540E

0 (0%)

13

pfdhfr

A16V

2 (15.4%)

13

C59R

4 (30.8%)

13

S108N/T

12 (92.3%)

13

West Sumba District, East Nusa Tenggara [110]

pfcrt

K76T

43 (91.5%)

47

pfmdr1

N86Y

19 (40.4%)

47

1042D

1 (2.1%)

47

pfdhps

A437G

1 (2.1%)

47

K540E

9 (19.1%)

47

pfdhfr

S108N

27 (57.4%)

47

C59R

12 (25.5%)

47

Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara [110]

pfcrt

K76T

13 (100.0%)

13

pfmdr1

N86Y

3 (23.1%)

13

N1042D

10 (76.9%)

13

pfdhps

A437G

0 (0%)

13

K540E

0 (0%)

13

pfdhfr

A16V

2 (15.4%)

13

C59R

3 (23.1%)

13

S108N/T

11 (84.6%)

13

Armopa, Papua [110]

pfcrt

K76T

8 (61.5%)

13

pfmdr1

N86Y

3 (23.1%)

13

N1042D

0 (0%)

13

pfdhps

A437G

4 (30.8%)

13

K540E

0 (0%)

13

pfdhfr

A16V

0 (0%)

13

C59R

0 (0%)

13

S108N/T

9 (69.2%)

13

Kokap, Central Java [110]

pfcrt

K76T

14 (70.0%)

20

pfmdr1

N86Y

20 (100%)

20

N1042D

0 (0%)

20

pfdhps

A437G

1 (5.0%)

20

K540E

1 (5.0%)

20

pfdhfr

A16V

7 (35.0%)

20

C59R

7 (35.0%)

20

S108N/T

18 (90.0%)

20

2006

West Sumba District, East Nusa Tenggara [9]

pfcrt

K76T

43 (91.5%)

47

pfdhps

A437G

1 (2.1%)

47

K540E

9 (19.1%)

47

pfdhfr

S108N

27 (57.4%)

47

C59R

12 (25.5%)

47

2010

Lampung [163]

pfcrt

K76T

46 (100%)

46

Lombok, Sumbawa, Alor and Kupang islands [113]

pfmdr1

N86Y

131 (100%)

131

S1034C

131 (100%)

131

West Lombok [113]

pfdhfr

S108N

37 (100%)

37

2012

Lampung [164]

pfmdr1

N86Y

17 (85.0%)

20

South Kalimantan [29, 32]

pfdhps

A437G

27 (100%)

27

K540E

9 (33.3%)

27

A581T

9 (33.3%)

27

I588G

12 (44.4%)

27

pfdhfr

C59R

24 (88.9%)

27

S108N/T

27 (100%)

27

I164L

8 (29.6%)

27

2013

Jayapura, Papua [34]

pfdhps

K540E

3 (30.0%)

10

South Kalimantan [9]

pfdhps

A437G

27 (100%)

27

K540E

9 (33.3%)

27

A581T

9 (33.3%)

27

I588F

6 (22.2%)

27

pfdhfr

C59R

24 (88.9%)

27

S108N/T

27 (100%)

27

I164L

8 (29.6%)

27

2014

South Sumatra [5]

pfmdr1

N86Y

25 (100.0%)

25

pfcrt

K76T

25 (100.0%)

25

South Kalimantan [9]

pfdhps

A437G

27 (100.0%)

27

K540E

9 (33.3%)

27

A581T

9 (33.3%)

27

pfdhfr

C59R

24 (88.9%)

27

S108N/T

27 (100.0%)

27

I164L

8 (29.6%)

27

2015

North Sulawesi [165]

pfcrt

K76T

9 (100.0%)

9

pfdhfr

C59R

3 (33.3%)

9

S108N/T

6 (66.7%)

9

Minahasa, North Sulawesi [165]

pfcrt

K76T

12 (48.0%)

25

North Maluku [165]

pfcrt

K76T

8 (100.0%)

8

pfdhfr

C59R

1 (12.5%)

8

S108N/T

6 (75.0%)

8

Southern Papua [35, 74]

pfK13

K13

0 (0%)

65

Plasmepsin 2–3

0 (0%)

74

Northwestern Sumatra [150]

pfK13

T474A

6 (66.7%)

9

C580Y

1 (11.1%)

9

2016

Lampung [90]

pfK13

G453W

1 (20.0%)

5

V454C

1 (20.0%)

5

E455K

1 (20.0%)

5

Southern Papua [13]

pfK13

K13

0 (0%)

65

Plasmepsin 2

Copy number

0 (0%)

74

West Papua [106, 167]

Pfmdr1

N86Y

35 (81.4%)

43

2017

North Sulawesi [14,15,16]

pfmdr1

N86Y

59 (62.1%)

95