Table 1 General characteristics of the study population in the 4 areas in Kisantu Health Zone, Kongo-Central Province, 2018

Number of participants

1790

Demographic variables

 Male (n (%; 95% CI)

870 (48.6; 49.1–43.7)

 Age (year; mean, SD)

5.1 ± 3.1

 Age < 5 years (n (%; 95% CI)

925(51,7; 49.3–54.1)

 Hb (gr/l) Mean ± SD

9.9 ± 1.7

 Weight (kg) Mean ± SD

15.5 ± 5.8

 Height (cm) Mean ± SD

100.5 ± 20.8

 Temperature (°C) Mean ± SD

36.7 ± 0.5

Socio-economic status of the household

 Number of persons per household (Mean ± SD)

7.7 ± 2.8

 Number of children below 10 years (Mean ± SD)

3.5 ± 1.5

 Number of sleeping space (Mean ± SD)

2.8 ± 0.9

Profession of household head (n (%; 95% CI)

 Jobless

193 (10.8; 9.3–12.4)

 Farming/fishing/hunting/animal rearer

1154 (64.5; 60.8–68.3)

 Civil servant

197 (11.0; 9.5–12.6)

 Independent

151 (8.4; 7.2–9.2)

 Other

95 (5.3; 4.3–6.4)

Educational level of household head

 Unschooled

76 (4.3; 3.5–5.4)

 Primary

1201 (68.8; 66.2–70.6)

 Secondary

410 (23.4; 21.4–25.4)

 Institute/University

67 (3.8; 2.9–4.9)

Main floor type in the house

 Cement/tiles

687(38.4; 36.1–40.7)

 Ground/Bamboo

1103(61.6; 59.3–63.8)

Main external wall types

 Cement blocks

142(7.93; 6.7–9.3)

 Mud blocks

1251(69.9; 66.1–73.8)

 Mud plaster on wooden support

350(19.5; 17.6–21.7)

 Mud walls /Straw

47(2.6; 1.9–3.5)

Main roofing material

 Zinc

791(44.2; 41.2–47.3)

 Straw

741(41.4; 38.5–44.5)

 Thatch

258(14.4; 12.7–16.2)

Nutritional*

Stunting

 Normal/mild

967(54.0; 50.7–57.5)

 Moderate/severe

608(34.0; 31.4–36.7)

 Over

215(12; 10.5–13.7)

Wasting

 Normal/mild

1211(67.7; 63.9–71.5)

 Moderate/severe

268(15; 13.3–16.8)

 Over

215(12; 10.5–13.7)

Underweight

 Normal/mild

1050(58.7; 55.2–62.3)

 Moderate/severe

461(25.8; 23.5–28.2)

 Over

279(15.6; 13.8–17)

Malaria infection

 TBS positive

266(14.8; 13.3–16.6)

 Plasmodium falciparum

244(93.5; 89.9–96.0)

 Plasmodium malariae

10(3.8; 1.9–6.7)

 Plasmodium falciparum + malariae

2(0.8; 0.1–2.5)

 Gametocyte Plasmodium falciparum

5(1.9; 0.7–4.2)