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Table 1 Bivariate analysis between participants' characteristics and the uptake of ITN and IPTpSP—Kenya MIS 2020

From: Determinants of utilization of malaria preventive measures during pregnancy among women aged 15 to 49 years in Kenya: an analysis of the Malaria Indicator Survey 2020

Explanatory variables

IPTpSP Uptake

ITN Uptake

One or more doses of IPTpSP n=736 n (%)

No IPTpSP n=991 n (%)

Chi- statisti 2

P-value

ITN use n = 932 n (%)

No ITN use n = 795 n (%)

Chi statistic2

P-value

Maternal age (years)

 15–24

233 (41.2)

333 (58.8)

4.24

0.475

303 (53.5)

263 (46.5)

3.54

0.602

 25–34

365 (43.4)

475 (56.6)

  

456 (54.2)

384 (45.8)

  

 35–49

128 (48.5)

136 (51.5)

  

158 (59.9)

106 (40.1)

  

Residence

 Urban

240 (39.7)

365 (60.3)

4.43

0.365

320 (52.9)

285 (47.1)

1.63

0.561

 Rural

486 (45.6)

580 (54.4)

  

597 (56.0)

469 (44.0)

  

Maternal education

 No education

59 (41.4)

83 (58.6)

  

38 (26.5)

104 (73.5)

  

 Primary education

351 (53.0)

311 (47.0)

51.06

0.002a

373 (55.3)

289 (43.7)

57.25

0.008a

 Secondary education

244 (39.0)

382 (61.0)

  

375 (59.9)

251 (40.1)

  

 Tertiary education

73 (30.2)

169 (69.8)

  

132 (54.6)

109 (45.4)

  

Religion

 No religion & other

15 (32.6)

31 (67.4)

  

20 (43.6)

26 (56.4)

  

 Roman catholic

110 (39.2)

171 (60.8)

15.89

0.056

162 (57.9)

118 (42.1)

11.22

0.334

 Protestant/other christian

537 (43.5)

697 (56.5)

  

687 (55.7])

546 (44.3)

  

 Muslim

65 (58.7)

46 (41.3)

  

47 (42.6)

57 (63.3)

  

Wealth index

 Poor

337 (52.6)

303 (47.4)

40.01

0.035a

345 (54.0)

295 (46.0)

6.18

0.590

 Middle-class

130 (40.9)

188 (59.1)

  

159 (50.0)

159 (50.0)

  

 Rich

259 (36.4)

452 (63.6)

  

411 (57.8)

300 (42.2)

  

Parity

 Para 2 or less

353 (40.6)

518 (59.4)

21.09

0.020a

497 (57.0)

374 (43.0)

3.76

0.700

 Para 3 & 4

222 (42.0)

306 (58.0)

  

276 (52.63)

252 (47.7)

  

 Para 5 & 6+

151 (55.5)

121 (44.5)

  

144 (52.9

128 (47.1)

  

Exposure to malaria messages

 No

406 (38.3)

653 (61.7)

33.30

<0.001a

534 (49.1)

526 (50.9)

25.48

0.005a

 Yes

320 (52.4)

291 (47.6)

  

383 (62.7)

228 (37.3)

  

Number of ANC visits

 One ANC visit

10 (33.0)

21 (67.0)

7.12

0.397

16 (51.7)

15 (48.3)

11.59

0.275

 Two ANC visits

46 (40.9)

66 (59.1)

  

70 (62.0)

43 (38.0)

  

 Three ANC visits

181 (39.6)

276 (60.4)

  

223 (48.8)

233 (51.2)

  

 Four or more ANC visits

490 (45.7)

582 (54.3)

  

609 (56.8)

463 (43.2)

  

Household head sex

 Male

517 (43.0)

685 (57.0)

0.41

0.749

680 (56.5)

523 (43.5)

5.20

0.319

 Female

209 (44.7)

259 (55.3)

  

236 (50.6)

231 (49.4)

  

Malaria epidemiological zones

 Highland epidemic-prone

111 (36.7)

191 (63.3)

623.57

<0.001a

213 (70.8)

87.9 (29.2)

184.79

<0.001a

 Lake endemic

341 (86.8)

52 (13.2)

  

285 (72.5)

107 (27.5)

  

 Coastal endemic

106 (80.8)

25 (19.2)

  

87 (66.2)

44 (33.8)

  

 Seasonal

61 (28.2)

156 (71.8)

  

81 (37.4)

135 (62.6)

  

 Low risk

107 (17.1)

521 (82.9)

  

250 (39.8)

387 (60.2)

  
  1. P-values are from chi-squared tests. IPTpSP is Intermittent preventive treatment with Sulfadoxine Pyrimethamine in pregnancy
  2. ITN insecticide treated net, ANC antenatal care, RRR Relative Risk Rate
  3. ap-value less than 0.05 is in bold