Explanatory variables | ITN use versus no use | IPTpSP uptake versus no use | Combined uptake—IPTpSP & ITN versus no use | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Relative risk ratio (RRR) | 95% confidence interval (CI) | P>[z] | Relative risk ratio (RRR) | 95% confidence interval (CI) | P>[z] | Relative risk ratio (RRR) | 95% confidence interval (CI) | P>[z] | |
Maternal age (years) | |||||||||
 15–24 | Ref |  |  | Ref |  |  | Ref |  |  |
 25–34 | 1.24 | 0.58–2.66 | 0.576 | 1.47 | 0.82–2.64 | 0.196 | 2.00 | 1.09–3.67 | 0.026a |
 35–49 | 2.31 | 0.99–5.41 | 0.053 | 1.88 | 0.85–4.16 | 0.117 | 3.57 | 1.80–7.08 | <0.001a |
Residence | |||||||||
 Urban | Ref |  |  | Ref |  |  | Ref |  |  |
 Rural | 1.53 | 0.91–2.57 | 0.110 | 0.81 | 0.41–1.60 | 0.542 | 1.23 | 0.63–2.40 | 0.548 |
Maternal education | |||||||||
 No education | Ref |  |  | Ref. |  |  | Ref |  |  |
 Primary | 3.25 | 0.93–11.41 | 0.065 | 0.98 | 0.35–2.71 | 0.961 | 2.84 | 1.33–6.06 | 0.007a |
 Secondary | 4.64 | 1.17–18.45 | 0.030a | 0.79 | 0.24–2.58 | 0.693 | 2.87 | 1.16–7.15 | 0.023a |
 Tertiary | 3.06 | 0.65–14.32 | 0.155 | 0.27 | 0.07–0.96 | 0.044a | 0.88 | 0.27–2.82 | 0.827 |
Religion | |||||||||
 No religion & other | Ref |  |  | Ref |  |  | Ref |  |  |
 Roman Catholic | 0.78 | 0.27–2.25 | 0.640 | 0.51 | 0.12–2.07 | 0.342 | 1.95 | 0.52–7.31 | 0.318 |
 Protestant or other christian | 0.53 | 026–1.11 | 0.092 | 0.51 | 0.18–1.39 | 0.186 | 1.07 | 0.39–2.92 | 0.890 |
 Muslim | 0.60 | 0.23–1.55 | 0.290 | 0.99 | 0.30–3.28 | 0.987 | 2.03 | 0.59–6.99 | 0.262 |
Wealth index | |||||||||
 Poor | Ref |  |  | Ref |  |  | Ref |  |  |
 Middle-class | 0.73 | 0.34–1.61 | 0.439 | 0.60 | 0.29–1.25 | 0.173 | 0.74 | 0.34–1.62 | 0.446 |
 Rich | 2.50 | 1.42–4.42 | 0.002a | 1.57 | 0.85–2.91 | 0.147 | 2.14 | 1.19–3.84 | 0.011a |
Parity | |||||||||
 Para 2 or less | Ref |  |  | Ref |  |  | Ref |  |  |
 Para 3 & 4 | 0.72 | 0.20–2.52 | 0.605 | 0.69 | 0.35–1.35 | 0.279 | 0.58 | 0.28–1.21 | 0.146 |
 Para 5 & 6 above | 0.43 | 0.11 -1.68 | 0.226 | 0.50 | 0.25–0.98 | 0.044a | 0.61 | 0.31–1.21 | 0.155 |
Exposure to malaria messages | |||||||||
 No | Ref |  |  | Ref |  |  | Ref |  |  |
 Yes | 0.99 | 0.59–1.65 | 0.970 | 1.30 | 0.74–2.27 | 0.370 | 1.46 | 0.87–2.47 | 0.154 |
Number of ANC visits | |||||||||
 One ANC visit | Ref |  |  | Ref |  |  | Ref |  |  |
 Two ANC visits | 2.90 | 0.49–17.00 | 0.239 | 4.30 | 1.07–17.24 | 0.040a | 2.46 | 0.52–11.68 | 0.256 |
 Three ANC visits | 1.01 | 0.24–4.30 | 0.987 | 2.85 | 0.77–10.51 | 0.115 | 1.73 | 0.44–6.91 | 0.433 |
 4 or more ANC visits | 0.85 | 0.22–3.22 | 0.810 | 1.89 | 0.54–6.63 | 0.321 | 1.84 | 0.49–6.86 | 0.363 |
Household head sex | |||||||||
 Male | Ref |  |  | Ref |  |  | Ref |  |  |
 Female | 0.82 | 0.34–1.94 | 0.649 | 1.17 | 0.65–2.13 | 0.599 | 0.91 | 0.45–1.84 | 0.792 |
Malaria epidemiological zones | |||||||||
 Highland epidemic-prone | Ref |  |  | Ref |  |  | Ref |  |  |
 Lake endemic | 0.79 | 0.37–1.71 | 0.865 | 8.99 | 4.92–16.43 | <0.001a | 10.57 | 5.65–19.76 | <0.001a |
 Coastal endemic | 0.58 | 0.21–1.61 | 0.225 | 4.14 | 1.47–11.67 | 0.007a | 4.86 | 1.86–12.67 | 0.001a |
 Seasonal | 0.28 | 0.12–0.64 | 0.002a | 0.38 | 0.15–0.99 | 0.047a | 0.21 | 0.10–0.39 | <0.001a |
 Low risk | 0.14 | 0.06–0.30 | <0.001a | 0.20 | 0.09–0.47 | <0.001a | 0.07 | 0.03–0.17 | <0.001a |