Geographical origin of Plasmodium vivax in the Hainan Island, China: insights from mitochondrial genome

Malaria Journal

Table 1 Summary of molecular diversity for all sampled P. vivax populations^a

Geographic origin	Sample size	Date of collection	No. haplotypes	No. unique haplotypes	S	h	π	k	d_S	d _N
China	130		54	50	30	0.918 ± 0.014	0.00080 ± 0.00004	4.667	0.9783	1.1472
Hainan	31^b	2009–2011	11	9	14	0.834 ± 0.048	0.00061 ± 0.00004	3.566	0.3109	0.3827
Anhui	36	2004	11	8	14	0.584 ± 0.093	0.00020 ± 0.00006	1.211	0.0009	0.0003
Guizhou	29	2005	8	4	9	0.734 ± 0.060	0.00047 ± 0.00007	2.808	0.0009	0.0011
Other^c	34		28	27	13	0.875 ± 0.036	0.00063 ± 0.00006	3.693	0.3214	0.3879
Korea	30	–	19	19	21	0.899 ± 0.037	0.00091 ± 0.00007	5.336	0.0012	0.0013
Southeast Asia^d	168	–	127	120	105	0.972 ± 0.006	0.00096 ± 0.00006	5.546	0.2245	0.2587
South and West Asia^d	134	–	106	95	93	0.945 ± 0.015	0.00056 ± 0.00004	3.279	0.0623	0.0745
Africa	94	–	63	55	80	0.801 ± 0.045	0.00042 ± 0.00005	2.445	0.2159	0.2159
Latin-America	298^*	–	159	158	132	0.855 ± 0.020	0.00480 ± 0.00003	2.788	0.0014	0.0005
Oceania	129	–	82	79	56	0.866 ± 0.024	0.00044 ± 0.00004	2.572	0.0515	0.0585
Total	983	–	592	573	377	0.973 ± 0.0025	0.00086 ± n.d	4.973	0.1157	0.1392

^aShown are the number of segregating sites (S), haplotype diversity (h ± standard deviation), nucleotide diversity (π ± standard deviation), average pairwise difference among individuals (k ± total variance), the average numbers of nucleotide substitutions per nonsynonymous site (d_N) and synonymous site (d_S) for each grouping of samples, calculated based on the mitochondrial DNA sequences
^bSequences from Hainan indigenous cases were included from reference [24]
^cAdditional sequences from China were obtained from Guangxi, Yunnan and others from references [18, 24, 29] and an unknown isolate from Hainan
^dSamples from Thailand and Vietnam were grouped within Southeast Asia, which also included Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei, the Philippines, and Timor-Leste; South and West Asia included Nepal, Bhutan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Yemen, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Lebanon, Cyprus, and Afghanistan; Oceania refers to Melanesia
^*Excluding samples from unknown American origin

ISSN: 1475-2875