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Fig. 4 | Malaria Journal

Fig. 4

From: The ability of Interleukin–10 to negate haemozoin-related pro-inflammatory effects has the potential to restore impaired macrophage function associated with malaria infection

Fig. 4

Monocytes exhibit an impairment in cytokine production for malaria patients, which correlated with the presence of haemozoin: Haemozoin-loaded monocytes were counted by microscopy from thick malaria smear stained with 2% Giemsa. Median proportion of haemozoin-loaded monocytes in controls and acute malaria types were recorded (4A). An intracellular cytokine staining was performed on 50 µL blood from healthy controls and study participants with different malaria types (UM: uncomplicated malaria; SMA: severe malaria anaemia; CM cerebral malaria) during acute infection and 30 days in convalescence (UM-F, SMA-F and CM-F). The blood was initially labelled with antibodies against CD14. Four hours post brefeldin A blocking and red blood cells lysing, the cells were stained with antibodies against TNF and IL-6. Each dot corresponds to an individual participant. Statistical significance was determined from the medians (10th and 90th percentiles) of proportions of TNF-producing monocytes (4B) and IL-6 producing monocytes (4C) analysed by flow cytometry. **** = p < 0.0001, *** = p < 0.001, ** = p < 0.01, * = p < 0.05

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