Fig. 1

Literacy among women, prevalence of malaria in children, and child mortality, from the 2018 DHS survey [24], and the areas defined as eligible for SMC in the HBHI stratification [21]. A: Proportion of women 15–49 yrs able to read; B Prevalence of malaria in children 6—59 months (proportion who tested positive by RDT); C: Under 5 mortality (deaths per 1000 live births in the 10 years before the survey). D: Areas where more than 60% of annual rainfall occurred consistently in 4 consecutive months, considered suitable for SMC in the HBHI stratification