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Table 2 Case detection and vector control activities based on foci classification results [11]

From: Reactive surveillance and response strategies for malaria elimination in Myanmar: a literature review

Type of foci

Recommended case detection and vector control measures

Active foci in high transmission area

• Regular passive case detection throughout the year

• Regular active case detection every three months especially during transmission season with high malaria caseload

• Additional reactive case detection if positive case is found

• Expansion of focus area and mass screening if additional positive cases are detected during reactive case detection

• Indoor residual spraying for three consecutive years

Active foci in moderate to low transmission area

• Regular passive case detection throughout the year plus active case detection during transmission season

• Reactive case detection in foci area by testing all suspected malaria cases

• Distribution of LLIN to all households to get the universal coverage

Residual non-active foci (If receptivity is present and transmission was present past 1–2 years ago)

• Regular passive case detection throughout the year plus active case detection during transmission season or if mobile and migrant population are present

• Reactive case detection to all co-travellers and people having malaria risk

• Testing of family members and neighbours if the household of positive case is receptive (i.e., presence of possible breeding places) and the positive case is detected late

• Distribution of LLIN to residents and migrants based on receptivity and vulnerability status

• Reclassification of foci and assessment of surveillance system if a locally contracted malaria case is detected and taking key immediate responses including mass screening and treatment, indoor residual spraying, and strengthening the surveillance system

Cleared foci

• Regular passive case detection throughout the year plus weekly regular active case detection if the area is receptive and migrant population are present

• Testing of all suspected malaria cases if a non-locally contracted malaria case is detected

• Mass screening and treatment, distribution of personal protective measures and self-notification of fever cases if there is a possibility of re-introduction of cases

• Compulsory reporting and testing of all visitors or migrant workers from other places regardless of fever

• Surveillance system strengthening