Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants and distribution of malaria prognostic factors, by genotype
Normal (αα/αα) | Heterozygote (-α/αα) | p | Homozygote (-α/-α) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 304 (50%) | 251 (41%) | 55 (9%) | ||
Sex, M/F [n/n] | 50%/50% [151/153] | 46%/54% [116/135] | 0.44 | 54%/46% [30/25] | 0.56 |
Age, months | 33.4 ± 15.9 | 32.0 ± 15.2 | 0.27 | 29.9 ± 16.0 | 0.12 |
Age class | 0.65 | 0.08 | |||
6-17 months | 21% 64 | 24% [61] | 35% [19] | ||
18-35 months | 36% [108] | 35% [87] | 33% [18] | ||
36-59 months | 41% [132] | 41% [103] | 42% [18] | ||
Plasmodium infection * | 44% [134] | 43% [107] | 0.80 | 42% [23] | 0.77 |
Anaemia ¶ | 62% [189] | 71% [178] | 0.03 | 87% [48] | < 0.001 |
Haemoglobin concentrations, g/L | 104.7 ± 12.5 | 102.2 ± 12.4 | 0.02 | 94.9 ± 12.8 | < 0.001 |
Without Plasmodium infection | 106.7 ± 12.6 | 104.8 ± 11.6 | 0.14 | 95.3 ± 13.9 | < 0.001 |
With Plasmodium infection | 102.0 ± 11.8 | 98.8 ± 12.5 | 0.04 | 94.3 ± 11.3 | 0.005 |
Inflammation † | 32% [99] | 33% [82] | 0.99 | 38% [21] | 0.62 |
Mosquito net use †† | 34% [101] | 33% [82] | 0.92 | 18% [10] | 0.03 |
Height-for-age z-score | -2.38 ± 0.72 | -2.43 ± 0.64 | 0.28 | -2.63 ± 0.75 | 0.01 |
Distance from homestead to dispensary, km ** | 3.56 ± 2.21 | 3.65 ± 2.28 | 0.62 | 3.36 ± 1.84 | 0.54 |
Intervention | |||||
Placebo | 26% [78] | 22% [54] | 38% [21] | ||
Zinc | 25% [76] | 27% [67] | 18% [10] | ||
Multi-nutrients without zinc | 23% [71] | 27% [68] | 27% [15] | ||
Multi-nutrients with zinc | 26% [79] | 25% [62] | 16% [9] | ||
Iron deficiency ∥ | |||||
All children | 15% [46] | 20% [49] | 0.17 | 26% [14] | 0.08 |
Without inflammation [n/n] § | 22% [45/205] | 25% [41/167] | 0.80 | 35% [12/34] | 0.13 |