Table 1 Univariate analysis of potential risk factors for malaria infection in year 2, as measured by nPCR

Age group inyears

0-4

824

349 [42.3]

1

5-15

1,003

695 [69.3]

5.04 [3.82-6.63]

<0.001

16-25

445

235 [52.8]

2.00 [1.41-2.72]

<0.001

26-35

334

337 [44.8]

1.08 [0.76-1.56]

0.661

36+

547

253 [39.7]

0.87 [0.63-1.19]

0.382

Sex

Female

1,896

912 [48.1]

1

Male

1,350

771 [57.1]

1.38 [1.13-1.68]

0.002

Sleep under ITN

No

291

191 [65.6]

1

Yes

2,955

1,492 [50.5]

0.42 [0.27-0.66]

<0.001

Wealth quartile

Poorest

610

337 [61.1]

(Per additional increase in wealth quartile) 0.69 [0.58-0.82]

<0.001

Very poor

887

492 [55.5]

Less poor

930

478 [51.4]

Least poor

819

340 [41.5]

Maternal education

None

1,545

930 [60.2]

1

Primary/+

1,701

753 [44.3]

0.40 [0.28-0.57]

<0.001

Breeding site

No

1,650

737 [44.7]

1

Yes

1,596

959 [59.3]

2.53 [1.75-3.65]

<0.001

Household quality

High

966

439 [45.4]

1

Moderate

560

198 [35.4]

0.44 [0.26-0.75]

0.002

Poor

1,704

1,038 [60.9]

2.32 [1.54-3.50]

<0.001

Indoor residual spraying

No

523

281 [53.7]

1

Yes

2,723

1,402 [51.5]

0.98 [0.60-1.60]

0.925

Number of cattle

0-0

1,368

676 [49.4]

1

1-10

718

433 [60.3]

1.96 [1.20-3.21]

0.007

11+

1,160

574 [49.5]

0.68 [0.45-1.04]

0.075

Distance to health facility

<1 km

712

242 [34.0]

(per additional increase in distance group to health facility) 2.01 [1.69-2.40]

<0.001

1-2.5 km

934

455 [48.7]

2.6-3.5 km

971

556 [57.3]

3.6+ km

611

424 [69.4]

Residence in a hotspot (SaTScan-nPCR)

Coldspot

792

319 [40.3]

1

Other

1,728

864 [50.0]

1.40 [0.91-2.15]

0.125

Hotspot

726

500 [68.9]

4.44 [2.64-7.46]

<0.001

Residence in a hotspot (SaTScan-AMA-1)

Coldspot

904

310 [34.3]

1

Other

1,092

554 [50.7]

2.66 [1.71-4.13]

<0.001

Hotspot

1,250

819 [65.5]

5.87 [3.79-9.05]

<0.001

Residence in a hotspot (Kernel-nPCR)

<14.9

804

390 [48.5]

1

15-21.3

819

387 [47.2]

0.99 [0.60-1.64]

0.966

21.4-27.1

818

331 [40.5]

0.53 [0.32-0.88]

0.013

>27.1

805

575 [71.4]

3.45 [2.06-5.75]

<0.001

Residence in a hotspot (Kernel-AMA-1)

<27.9

814

309 [38.0]

1

28-38.9

811

409 [50.4]

2.21 [1.34-3.66]

0.002

39-53.0

814

428 [52.6]

2.61 [1.58-4.31]

<0.001

>53.0

807

537 [66.5]

5.15 [3.09-8.60]

<0.001