Figure 1

The dhfr and flanking region haplotypes of contemporary global isolates ( n = 120) and MR4 samples ( n = 4), with each row indicating one distinct haplotype and the number of isolates with that haplotype. Only polymorphic positions are included; blue cells indicate identity with the TIGR reference. The figure is divided vertically into thirds: the region upstream of P. vivax dhfr, dhfr itself, and the region downstream of dhfr. Numerals in the first row indicate the position of the polymorphic nucleotide relative to dhfr ('-' refers to positions upstream of dhfr, '+' refers to positions downstream of dhfr). For the upstream indel region, a: deletion of bases [-710, -677], b: deletion of bases [-729, -679], c: deletion of bases [-710, -694], d: insertion of 17 bases after nucleotide -675 (act ggg ggg aaa tgc tc), e: deletion of bases [-746, -696]. Within dhfr, the 4 letters within a single column refer to the amino acids at positions 57, 58, 61 and 117. For the indel within the dhfr coding region, 1: deletion of codons 98–103, 2: deletion of codons 93–98, 3: insertion of 18 nucleotides between wildtype codons 98 and 99 (agc ggt ggt gac aac aca), 4: insertion of 18 bp between codons 99 and 100 (tgg tga caa cac aag cgg). Within dhfr, the numerals 69, 93 and 199 refer to synonymous or non-synonymous changes at those codons. If the nucleotide mutation yielding 58R is not indicated, the change is 174G. The Thai 57L/58R/61M/117T alleles carry A at nucleotide 171, while the Thai 57I/58R/61M/117T alleles carry A at nucleotide 171 and A at nucleotide 169. Countries are abbreviated as follows: Colombia (Col), Indonesia (Indo), Nicaragua (Nic), Panama (Pan), Papua New Guinea (PNG), Sri Lanka (SL), Thailand (Thai), Vanuatu (Van), Vietnam (Viet).