Table 3 Bi- and multivariate analyses of risk factors for developing a clinical malaria episode, including bed net use and IRS (134 cases, 749 controls, 4 communes)
From: Effectiveness of malaria control interventions in Madagascar: a nationwide case–control survey
Variable | Category | N cases (%) | N controls (%) | Bivariate | Multivariate | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR [95 %CI] | p | Adjusted OR [95 %CI] | p | ||||
Every night bed net use and/or IRS the previous year | LLIN use and IRS | 28 (16.2) | 335 (36.6) | 0.28 [0.10–0.78] | 0.015 | 0.28 [0.11–0.72] | 0.008 |
No LLIN use and IRS | 60 (34.7) | 317 (34.6) | 0.43 [0.25–0.74] | 0.003 | 0.44 [0.26–0.74] | 0.002 | |
LLIN use and no IRS | 12 (6.9) | 97 (10.6) | 0.34 [0.10–1.11] | 0.073 | 0.37 [0.11–1.25] | 0.110 | |
NIBN use and no IRS | 6 (3.5) | 18 (2.0) | 1.00 [0.78–1.30] | 0.972 | 0.90 [0.75–1.09] | 0.287 | |
No bed net use and no IRS | 67 (38.7) | 149 (16.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Age group | 0–1 year | 19 (11.0) | 31 (3.4) | 5.69 [3.35–9.69] | <0.001 | 4.78 [2.56–8.92] | <0.001 |
2–4 years | 33 (19.1) | 96 (10.5) | 3.12 [2.33–4.18] | <0.001 | 3.02 [1.96–4.65] | <0.001 | |
5–9 years | 38 (22.0) | 152 (16.6) | 2.49 [1.95–3.19] | <0.001 | 2.38 [1.81–3.12] | <0.001 | |
10–15 years | 23 (13.3) | 148 (16.2) | 1.36 [0.83–2.23] | 0.218 | 1.27 [0.70–2.31] | 0.440 | |
15–19 years | 24 (13.9) | 111 (12.1) | 2.17 [1.52–3.09] | <0.001 | 1.97 [1.48–2.62] | <0.001 | |
≥20 years | 36 (20.8) | 378 (41.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Sex | Male | 94 (54.3) | 386 (42.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Female | 79 (45.7) | 530 (57.9) | 0.59 [0.54–0.66] | <0.001 | 0.68 [0.56–0.83] | <0.001 | |
Transmission pattern | Fringe | 55 (31.8) | 219 (23.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
West | 118 (68.2) | 697 (76.1) | 0.61 [0.25–1.47] | 0.268 | 1.14 [0.94–1.38] | 0.196 | |