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Table 4 Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios from bivariate and multivariate logistic regression

From: Malaria risk in young male travellers but local transmission persists: a case–control study in low transmission Namibia

Variable

Numbera

Unadjusted OR (95% CI)

P value

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

P value

Case N = 98

Control N = 634

Age group (years)

 <5

9

100

1

–

1

–

 5–14

23

210

1.13 (1.00–1.28)

0.06

1.48 (0.65–3.36)

0.35

 15–29

37

150

1.22 (1.07–1.38)

0.002

2.14 (0.99–4.63)

0.05

 30–44

14

73

1.05 (0.89–1.26)

0.52

2.23 (0.87–5.72)

0.10

 45–59

8

38

1.05 (0.80–1.37)

0.74

3.03 (1.11–8.27)

0.03

 60+

7

63

0.90 (0.77–1.05)

0.18

1.24 (0.55–2.80)

0.61

Location slept previous night

 In household

87

624

1

–

1

–

 Away from household

11

10

2.46 (1.35–4.48)

0.003

5.61 (1.97–16.02)

0.001

 Higher socioeconomic statusb

98

634

0.78 (0.62–0.98)

0.03

0.65 (0.47–0.91)

0.01

 Squared term

–

–

1.10 (1.00–1.19)

0.03

1.13 (1.01–1.27)

0.04

Predicted travel time to clinic

 0–4

52

392

1

–

1

–

 5–14

43

120

2.51 (1.34–4.70)

0.004

2.07 (0.86–5.01)

0.11

 15–46

3

122

0.58 (0.15–2.33)

0.44

0.05 (0.005–0.59)

0.02

More than 15 km from Angolan border

23

298

1

–

1

–

<15 km from Angolan border

75

336

4.34 (1.91–9.85)

<0.0001

2.86 (1.17–6.97)

0.02

Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)b

 0.11–0.24

37

443

1

–

1

–

 0.25–0.34

54

145

5.32 (2.49–11.38)

<0.0001

14.62 (3.73–57.27)

<0.0001

 0.35–0.45

7

46

1.70 (0.43–6.71)

<0.0001

2.00 (0.23–17.20)

0.53

Total rainfall in prior month (mm)

 0–19

14

207

1

–

1

–

 20–39

63

171

7.25 (3.33–15.79)

<0.0001

2.79 (1.01–7.70)

0.05

 40–67

21

256

2.14 (0.87–5.31)

0.10

0.25 (0.06–0.99)

0.05

District: Engela

51

277

1

–

1

–

 Oshikukuc

21

74

1.54 (0.62–3.81)

0.94

5.06 (1.35–18.97)

0.02

 Outapi

26

283

0.50 (0.21–1.16)

0.11

1.13 (0.45–2.87)

0.79

  1. All GEE adjusted for health district (matching variable) and clustering of controls within households. Multivariate GRR adjusted for the interaction effect of gender and travel in Table 3
  2. OR odds ratio, GEE generalized estimating equations, CI confidence interval, QIC quasilikelihood under the independence model criterion, m meters, °C degrees Celsius, mm millimeters, km kilometers
  3. aNumbers restricted to non-missing data in final multivariate model; full bivariate analyses included in Table S3
  4. bSocioeconomic measure is first component of the PCA, included as a continuous measure
  5. cThe higher adjusted odds of malaria observed in Oshikuku is attributed to a lower number of controls recruited per case in this area compared to the other districts
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Malaria Journal

ISSN: 1475-2875

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