| Haemoglobin level in g/dL | Log parasite density | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β* (95% CI β*) | P value | β** (95% CI β**) | P value | β* (95% CI β*) | P value | β** (95% CI β**) | P value | |
Age | 0.21 (0.16, 0.25) | <0.0001 | 0.19 (0.14, 0.24) | <0.001 | −0.07 (−0.09, −0.03) | <0.0001 | −0.07 (−0.10, −0.05) | 0.002 |
Sex | ||||||||
 Male | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 Female | −0.29 (−0.61,0.03) | 0.079 | −0.30 (−0.61, −0.01) | 0.055 | −0.09 (−0.25, 0.07) | 0.267 | −0.01 (−0.17, 0.15) | 0.896 |
Ecological zones | ||||||||
 Accra | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 Navrongo | −0.69 (−1.11, −0.34) | <0.001 | 0.10 (−0.54, 0.73) | 0.769 | 0.29 (0.11, 0.51) | 0.003 | 0.30 (−0.03, 0.63) | 0.070 |
 Kintampo | −0.90 (−1.26, −0.52) | <0.001 | −0.27 (−0.92, 0.38) | 0.418 | 0.31 (0.11, 0.46) | 0.002 | 0.41(0.08, 0.75) | 0.014 |
Mother’s education | ||||||||
 None | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref | Ref |  |  |
 Primary | −0.13 (−0.36, 0.62) | 0.603 | −0.49 (−1.00, 0.03) | 0.064 | −0.28 (−0.50, −0.02) | <0.050 | −0.10 (−0.34, 0.20) | 0.447 |
 Middle | 0.30 (−0.43, 1.03) | 0.425 | −0.60 (−1.31, 0.12) | 0.104 | −0.11 (−0.47, 0.26) | 0.563 | 0.05 (−0.32, 0.43) | 0.776 |
 JHS | 0.39 (−0.02, 0.79) | 0.062 | −0.32 (−0.79, 0.15) | 0.184 | −0.10 (−0.29, 0.10) | 0.348 | 0.03 (−0.20, 0.29) | 0.799 |
 Vocation | 0.80 (−0.33, 1.94) | 0.165 | −0.56 (−1.70, 0.59) | 0.339 | −0.23 (−0.81, 0.35) | 0.432 | 0.16 (−0.43, 0.75) | 0.603 |
 Secondary | 0.70 (−0.15, 1.24) | 0.012 | −0.40 (−1.05, 0.25) | 0.223 | −0.08 (−0.35, 0.19) | 0.571 | 0.01 (−0.32, 0.35) | 0.999 |
 Tertiary | 1.00 (−0.13, 2.14) | 0.083 | −0.57 (−1.95, 0.81) | 0.416 | −0.06 (−0.62, 0.50) | 0.830 | −0.22 (−0.91, 0.51) | 0.551 |
Father’s education | ||||||||
 None | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 Primary | 0.24 (−0.32, 0.79) | 0.400 | 0.27 (−0.27, 0.81) | 0.326 | 0.02 (−0.26, 0.29) | 0.991 | 0.04 (−0.24, 0.32) | 0.790 |
 Middle | 1.01 (0.51, 1.64) | <0.0001 | 0.77 (0.18, 1.36) | 0.010 | 0.12 (−0.19, 0.43) | 0.666 | 0.12 (−0.19, 0.43) | 0.436 |
 JHS | 0.64 (0.17, 1.12) | <0.0001 | 0.35 (−0.20, 0.91) | 0.212 | −0.10 (−0.39, 0.19) | 0.034 | −0.11 (−0.39, 0.17) | 0.442 |
 Vocation | 0.21 (−1.27, 1.69) | 0.780 | 0.74 (−0.67, 2.16) | 0.304 | −0.79 (−1.52, 0.06) | 0.299 | −0.78 (−1.51, −0.05) | 0.036 |
 Secondary | 1.05 (0.60, 1.51) | <0.0001 | 0.64 (0.10, 1.18) | 0.021 | 0.03 (−0.26, 0.31) | 0.397 | 0.04 (−0.24, 0.32) | 0.770 |
 Tertiary | 1.12 (0.56, 1.68) | <0.0001 | 0.43 (−0.41, 1.27) | 0.318 | 0.17 (−0.26, 0.61) | 0.456 | 0.18 (−0.25, 0.62) | 0.406 |
Mother’s occupation | ||||||||
 Unemployed | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 Farmer | −0.60 (−1.17, −0.03) | 0.041 | −0.18 (−0.79, 0.43) | 0.558 | 0.26 (−0.02, 0.55) | 0.070 | 0.14 (−0.18, 0.45) | 0.390 |
 Teacher | 0.82 (0.20, 1.41) | 0.114 | 1.27 (0.23, 2.31) | 0.017 | 0.38 (−0.12, 0.89) | 0.138 | 0.49 (−0.05, 1.03) | 0.074 |
 Trader | 0.47 (−0.07, 1.0) | 0.088 | 0.41 (−0.12, 0.94) | 0.127 | 0.12 (−0.14, 0,39) | 0.368 | 0.17 (−0.10, 0.45) | 0.208 |
 Other | 0.14 (−0.47, 0.75) | 0.654 | 0.18 (−0.45, 0.81) | 0.567 | 0.17 (−0.14, 0.48) | 0.276 | 0.18 (−0.11, 0.53) | 0.204 |
Father’s occupation | ||||||||
 Unemployed | Ref |  |  |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 Farmer | 0.28 (−0.815, 1.38) | 0.613 | 1.32 (0.08, 2.56) | 0.037 | 0.15 (−0.41, 0.71) | 0.602 | 0.08 (−0.56, 0.72) | 0.807 |
 Teacher | 1.41 (0.22, 2.60 | 0.020 | 1.84 (0.48, 3.20) | 0.008 | −0.01 (−0.61, 0.63) | 0.983 | −0.08 (−0.79, 0.62) | 0.818 |
 Trader | 0.67 (−0.46, 1.80) | 0.247 | 1.33 (0.09, 2.57) | 0.036 | −0.01 (−0.59, 0.58) | 0.990 | 0.01 (−0.64, 0.65) | 0.909 |
 Other | 1.00 (−0.11, 2.10) | 0.077 | 1.24 (0.01, 2.46) | 0.048 | 0.02 (−0.55, 0.58) | 0.959 | 0.13 (−0.51, 0.76) | 0.456 |
 Professional | 0.91 (−0.31, 2.14) | 0.143 | 1.24 (−0.16, 2.65) | 0.082 | −0.06 (−0.70, 0.58) | 0.863 | −0.07 (−0.79, 0.66) | 0.955 |
Cement block house | ||||||||
 Yes | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |  |  |
 No | −0.40 (−0.72, −0.0) | 0.015 | −0.07 (−0.44, 0.30) | 0.707 | −0.11 (−0.05, 0.26) | 0.190 | 0.20 (−0.01, 0.39) | 0.045 |
Thatched house | ||||||||
 Yes | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |  |  |
 No | 0.64 (0.33, 0.96) | <0.0001 | 0.17 (−0.24, 0.57) | 0.420 | −0.03 (−0.19, 0.12) | 0.696 | 0.10(−0.11, 0.31) | 0.356 |
Mosquito control measures | ||||||||
 Bed net use | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 No bed net use | 0.69 (0.36, 1.02) | <0.0001 | 0.30 (−0.09, 0.69) | 0.131 | −0.40 (−0.56, −0.24) | <0.001 | −0.32 (−0.52, −0.12) | 0.002 |
Own farm | ||||||||
 Yes | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 No | 0.83 (0.502, 1.16) | <0.0001 | 0.03 (−0.44, 0.49) | 0.917 | −0.14 (−0.30, 0.03) | 0.113 | 0.21 (−0.03, 0.44) | 0.092 |
Clinical factors | ||||||||
 Parasite density (parasites/µL) | −1 × 10−6 (−2 × 10−6, −1 × 10−7) | 0.003 | 1 × 10−7 (−1.6 × 10−6, 1 × 10−7) | 0.593 | N/A | N/A |  |  |
Haemoglobin type | ||||||||
 AA | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  | Ref |  |
 AS | 0.48 (−0.06, 1.02) | 0.084 | 0.61 (0.053, 1.16) | 0.032 | −0.157 (−0.43, 0.11) | 0.254 | −0.20 (−0.48, 0.09) | 0.177 |
 AC | −0.01 (−0.55, 0.53) | 0.972 | 0.06 (−0.46, 0.59) | 0.813 | 0.192 (−0.08, 0.46) | 0.158 | 0.24 (−0.03, 0.51) | 0.085 |